Breeding Bird Surveys - Cleveland Metroparks
Nathan W. Byer
8/18/2022
The dataset
Tim Krynak, Erik Shaffer, Jen Brumfield, and other Cleveland Metroparks and affiliated colleagues conducted Breeding Bird Surveys (BBS) at a total of 211 routes between 2017 and 2021. 164 of these routes overlapped with long-term vegetation monitoring efforts through the Cleveland Metroparks Plant Community Assessment Program (PCAP). This provided an excellent opportunity to explore the potential relationships between vegetative composition, landscape structure, and breeding bird ecology and community composition.
Initial processing
First, we just read in the full BBS dataset. For our purposes, we will remove any BBS observations not paired with PCAP plots. We can also visualize the distribution of survey effort through time.
CMP_bbs_pcap_join<-read.csv("G:/NaturalResources/Byer/datasets/BBS/CMP_bbs_pcapjoin_elimWC_EATO.csv",header=T)
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join[!is.na(CMP_bbs_pcap_join$Plot.ID),]
datetime<-strptime(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly$survey_cre,format="%m/%d/%Y %H:%M")
hist(datetime,breaks="months")
pcap_1styear_landscape<-read.csv("G:/NaturalResources/Byer/datasets/BBS/pcap_4yr_landscape_variables_202204281228.csv",header=T)Next, we need to start grouping this dataset for downsteram analysis. This involves summarizing counts of each species for each plot. We also replace any NA values in the data frame with zeroes - this will be important for downstream applications, as we want to distinguish between unobserved species at a plot and check (typically coded 0s) and checks that were “skipped” (NAs).
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly %>%
group_by(simp_plot, reservatio,community,species_4_) %>%
summarise(n=n(),longitude=mean(xcoord), latitude=mean(ycoord),vibifq=mean(vibi_fq),vibifqnotrees=mean(vibi_fq_no_trees),carex=mean(carex_metric_value),cyper=mean(cyperaceae_metric_value),
dicot=mean(dicot_metric_value),shade=mean(shade_metric_value),shrub=mean(shrub_metric_value),
hydro=mean(hydrophyte_metric_value),svp=mean(svp_metric_value),ap=mean(ap_ratio_metric_value),
fqi=mean(fqai_score),bryo=mean(bryophyte_metric_value),hydro_rel=mean(hydrophyte_rel_cov_metric_value),
hydro_rel_notrees=mean(hydrophyte_rel_cov_no_trees),
sens_rel=mean(sensitive_rel_cov_metric_value),
sens_rel_notree=mean(sensitive_rel_cov_no_trees),
tol_rel=mean(tolerant_rel_cov_metric_value),
tol_rel_notree=mean(tolerant_rel_cov_no_trees),
inv=mean(invasive_graminoids_metric_value),
small_tree=mean(small_tree_metric_value),
subcanopy=mean(subcanopy_iv),
canopy=mean(canopy_iv.1)
) %>%
spread(species_4_,n) %>%
replace(is.na(.),0)
names(pcap_1styear_landscape)[names(pcap_1styear_landscape) == 'site.name'] <- 'simp_plot'
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum_landscape<-left_join(x = CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum,y = pcap_1styear_landscape,by="simp_plot")
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum<-column_to_rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum_landscape,var="simp_plot")This is a pretty unwieldly dataset at present - we have 164 rows (representing our BBS/PCAP plots) and 131 columns. Out of those 131 columns, 103 are unique species (designated with four-letter codes), so most of the first 27 covariates are essentially our “predictors” - in this case, our PCAP data.
Let’s do a bit more processing on this dataset to get it in shape for downstream analyses. First, we will separate out our bird community data.
birdcomm<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum[,28:(130)]
birdcomm[is.na(birdcomm)] <- 0Next, we separate out our PCAP data.
vegecomm<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum[,5:26]Finally, we will separate out the 1st year landscape covariates. As a quick note, these will not be strictly comparable with the 2nd survey landscape covariates, but should be pretty close (~5 years is likely not enough for substantial land cover change).
landcomm<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum[,142:153]
landcomm[is.na(landcomm)] <- 0Since we are using the PCAP dataset as predictors here, we should likely check for correlations between these covariates. I have selected a (semi-)arbitrary cut-off of 0.6 to identify covariates as correlated; we then drop any covariates that are likely redundant.
vegecomm_cor<-cor(vegecomm)
set.seed(12345)
corvar<-findCorrelation(vegecomm_cor,cutoff=0.6)
vegecomm_drop<-vegecomm[,-corvar]We can also check for correlations between the landscape covariates.
landcomm_cor<-cor(landcomm)
set.seed(12345)
corvar_land<-findCorrelation(landcomm_cor,cutoff=0.6)
landcomm_drop<-landcomm[,-corvar_land]We can then check correlations between PCAP and landscape covariates.
landvegcomm_drop<-cbind(vegecomm_drop,landcomm_drop)
landvegcomm_drop_cor<-cor(landvegcomm_drop)
set.seed(12345)
corvar_landveg<-findCorrelation(landvegcomm_drop_cor,cutoff=0.6)No covariates were overly correlated in this dataset, so we can proceed.
Now, we have:
- a vegecomm dataset - which representing PCAP measurements for each of the 164 BBS/PCAP plots.
- a birdcomm dataset - representing presence/absence of each bird species for each survey in each plot.
- a landcomm dataset - representing landscape covariates associated with these PCAP plots.
Note that we are not explicitly considering differences in bird counts (or occupancy, or detectability) through time at this point - we will get to that later. For now, we just want to explore broad associations between these two datasets!
Note as of 6/13/2022 - we will also want to only work with only binary data.
Community analyses
When working with datasets like these, we first have to acknowledge that these datasets are multivariate - with many possible predictor covariates (for example, plot-level characteristics) and many possible response covariates (for example, presence/absence of species in a plot). Fortunately, community ecology as a field has developed a number of standard approaches for exploring multivariate datasets, of which the most common is (arguably!) ordination. In essence, ordination techniques try to shrink down highly multidimensional datasets into a more manageable number of dimensions - often just a handful (and for initial plotting, typically just two). There are many, many possible ordination tools available for exploring community ecological datasets, and we will explore a few.
unconstrained ordination
In this section, we will be exploring ways of exploring the bird dataset on its own - basically, without any predictors.
First, we must reclassify our bird community data onto a binary scale - ranging from 0 (no detection) to 1 (detection).
We also set our color palette for residency status, so that Red = resident, Green = short-distance migrant, and Blue = neotropical migrant.
birdcomm_bin<-birdcomm
birdcomm_bin<- birdcomm_bin %>% mutate_if(is.numeric, ~1 * (. >= 1))
BBSMigrants<-read.csv("G:/NaturalResources/Byer/datasets/BBS/BBS Migants.csv",header=T)
BBSMigrants_sub<-BBSMigrants[BBSMigrants$SpeciesCode %in% colnames(birdcomm_bin),]
Residency<-BBSMigrants_sub$Residency
color_resid<-Residency
color_resid[color_resid %in% "NE"]<-"blue"
color_resid[color_resid %in% "M"]<-"green"
color_resid[color_resid %in% "R"]<-"red"
BBSMigrants_sub$color_resid<-color_residOne of the most common approaches for unconstrained ordination is called Principal Components Analysis (PCA). I have illustrated vegan’s rda() function (which we will use a bit more below!). Out of the available options, I find rda() to be much easier to use, so I tend to use it preferentially. Here is a plot with convex hulls and points colored by reservation.
while a bit hard to interpret, plots within Rocky River (RR) seem to be the most variable - and it might be that we see higher diversity in that area. We will see as we proceed if that is true.
metric multidimensional scaling (Principal Coordinates Analysis)
You can think of this as a distance-based analog to PCA. In this case, since we are using Bray-Curtis distances on binary data (presence/absence), this is equivalent to Sorensen’s index.
non-metric multidimensional scaling
bird species most associated with community differences
We can also look at which birds are most differentiated across communities for both the PCOA and NMDS ordinations. The below code essentially a) relates individual bird presence/absence to the final PCOA ordination, b) extracts p-values for associations with MDS1 and 2 (the first two ordination axes), and c) selects only those birds that are most differentiated at p less than or equal to 0.001. We will do so for the PCA, PCOA, and NMDS.
For all of these analyses, keep in mind that these are differentiated across plots, rather than reservations. We will explore a way to identify reservation-level differentiated species a litle bit below.
Here is the PCA:
## species PC1 PC2 pvals
## 1 ACFL -0.69716294 -0.1508935718 0.001
## 2 AMCR -0.24666198 -0.2963413159 0.001
## 3 AMGO 0.09382893 -0.2841531898 0.001
## 4 AMKE 0.38723531 -0.2455200453 0.001
## 5 BAOR 0.46434543 -0.1374142804 0.001
## 6 BARS 0.47425412 -0.2189233645 0.001
## 7 BCCH -0.25735224 -0.3604541492 0.001
## 8 BGGN -0.21605918 -0.2719538252 0.001
## 9 BHCO 0.17428135 -0.2790791107 0.001
## 10 BRTH 0.41973857 -0.0869533026 0.001
## 11 CANG 0.15587408 -0.2491690243 0.001
## 12 CEDW 0.50170158 -0.0806099475 0.001
## 13 COGR 0.45349980 0.1690696909 0.001
## 14 COYE 0.48298960 -0.2005910142 0.001
## 15 DEJU -0.35182512 -0.2234465042 0.001
## 16 EABL 0.21626153 -0.3348356997 0.001
## 17 EAKI 0.44209119 -0.2979537624 0.001
## 18 EAME 0.32949356 -0.4853999033 0.001
## 19 EAWP -0.52013724 -0.3050792447 0.001
## 20 EUST 0.64151056 -0.0626558506 0.001
## 21 FISP 0.25701439 -0.2476275133 0.001
## 22 GCFL -0.07114924 -0.3336146265 0.001
## 23 GRCA 0.51950507 -0.0464609980 0.001
## 24 HAWO -0.26479071 -0.3078359029 0.001
## 25 HOSP 0.32094904 0.1140673835 0.001
## 26 HOWA -0.44170756 -0.4240075369 0.001
## 27 HOWR 0.31383507 -0.1488100390 0.001
## 28 INBU 0.30394564 -0.3598407644 0.001
## 29 KILL 0.34044627 -0.2474971881 0.001
## 30 MODO 0.54350836 -0.2372128158 0.001
## 31 NOFL 0.32814765 -0.2185413306 0.001
## 32 NRWS 0.36829543 -0.0329679429 0.001
## 33 OROR 0.68797727 0.0475092454 0.001
## 34 PIWO -0.21798535 -0.2947734707 0.001
## 35 RBGR 0.29323586 -0.2267343583 0.001
## 36 REVI -0.38049218 -0.3368389029 0.001
## 37 RWBL 0.64080597 -0.0549021700 0.001
## 38 SCTA -0.53238990 -0.3546866667 0.001
## 39 SOSP 0.56532468 -0.1184872259 0.001
## 40 TRES 0.56126450 -0.1531979241 0.001
## 41 TUVU 0.24506841 -0.3094927503 0.001
## 42 WAVI 0.61917664 0.0134397815 0.001
## 43 WBNU -0.49381593 -0.2739331013 0.001
## 44 WIFL 0.47094574 0.0004034451 0.001
## 45 WOTH -0.31895854 -0.3625536846 0.001
## 46 YEWA 0.71017760 -0.0122296428 0.001
## 47 YTVI -0.28821198 -0.2674515592 0.00147 species were identified as significantly contributing to variation between plots. These are my best attempts to break these down by typical migratory patterns for each species in Ohio (courtesy of www.allaboutbirds.org).
Neotropical migrants: Acadian Fly-Catcher, Baltimore Oriole, Barn Swallow, Common Yellowthroat, Eastern Kingbird, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Great Crested Flycatcher, Hooded Warbler, Indigo Bunting, Orchard Oriole, Rose-Breasted Grosbeak, Red-Eyed Vireo, Scarlet Tanager, Warbling Vireo, Willow Flycatcher, Wood Thrush, Yellow Warbler, Yellow-Throated Vireo = 18 species
Resident: American Crow, American Kestrel, European Starling, Hairy Woodpecker, House Sparrow, Pileated Woodpecker, Song Sparrow, White-Breasted Nuthatch = 8 species
Short-distance migrant: American Goldfinch, Black-capped Chickadee, Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher, Brown-headed Cowbird, Brown Thrasher, Cedar Waxwing, Common Grackle, Eastern Bluebird, Eastern Meadowlark, Field Sparrow, Gray Catbird, House Wren, Killdeer, Mourning Dove, Northern Flicker, Northern Rough-winged Swallow, Red-winged Blackbird, Tree Swallow, Turkey Vulture = 19 species
Resident or migratory: Canada Goose, Dark-eyed Junco = 2 species
We can repeat this procedure for the PCOA results too. Whereas PCA (above) was based on summarizing our bird community in the fewest number of axes that explain the most variance, PCOA is trying to maximize distance between plots. This is somewhat semantic in many cases, but will lead to differing representations of which birds are most associated with ordination axes.
Anyway! on to the PCOA:
## species MDS1 MDS2 pvals
## 1 ACFL -0.731621770 -0.21657507 0.001
## 2 AMRO 0.212185897 0.26237816 0.001
## 3 BAOR 0.496278108 -0.11707782 0.001
## 4 BARS 0.396414060 -0.14525664 0.001
## 5 BGGN -0.253771660 -0.21321227 0.001
## 6 BHCO 0.252189128 -0.33826670 0.001
## 7 BRTH 0.332695547 -0.17755430 0.001
## 8 CEDW 0.528291870 -0.15714239 0.001
## 9 CHSW -0.008700066 -0.32221685 0.001
## 10 COGR 0.449821060 0.15723190 0.001
## 11 COYE 0.516757753 -0.36308017 0.001
## 12 DEJU -0.353475491 -0.17838667 0.001
## 13 EAKI 0.323351441 -0.09112853 0.001
## 14 EATO 0.130826116 -0.28201583 0.001
## 15 EAWP -0.531425079 -0.06810441 0.001
## 16 EUST 0.564199285 0.00876616 0.001
## 17 FISP 0.247783137 -0.21620323 0.001
## 18 GRCA 0.606185199 -0.08760151 0.001
## 19 HAWO -0.240271017 -0.22737147 0.001
## 20 HOFI 0.344663351 0.14118008 0.001
## 21 HOSP 0.357013239 0.15621096 0.001
## 22 HOWA -0.446954750 -0.49945770 0.001
## 23 HOWR 0.363416944 0.14393149 0.001
## 24 INBU 0.358710671 -0.48692796 0.001
## 25 LOWA -0.216453442 -0.34516208 0.001
## 26 MODO 0.503095502 -0.13966980 0.001
## 27 NOFL 0.338135730 -0.04580320 0.001
## 28 NRWS 0.299804802 -0.05498756 0.001
## 29 OROR 0.635092702 -0.04190854 0.001
## 30 OVEN -0.178146781 -0.19698291 0.001
## 31 PIWO -0.211414515 -0.44190745 0.001
## 32 RBGR 0.335449325 -0.27805077 0.001
## 33 REVI -0.427474339 -0.05322856 0.001
## 34 RWBL 0.659017118 -0.04422247 0.001
## 35 SCTA -0.563727972 -0.35767304 0.001
## 36 SOSP 0.654370712 -0.10449673 0.001
## 37 TRES 0.446180461 -0.04558460 0.001
## 38 VEER -0.141621359 -0.32912045 0.001
## 39 WAVI 0.590289204 0.02894698 0.001
## 40 WBNU -0.423708109 -0.15390376 0.001
## 41 WIFL 0.417164492 -0.19105681 0.001
## 42 WOTH -0.273041942 -0.51805873 0.001
## 43 YEWA 0.695495064 -0.12652046 0.001
## 44 YTVI -0.257925903 -0.31119268 0.001
So, now we have 44 species that contribute most to community distance between plots.
Neotropical migrants: Acadian Fly-Catcher, Baltimore Oriole, Barn Swallow, Chimney Swift, Common Yellowthroat, Eastern Kingbird, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Hooded Warbler, Indigo Bunting, Louisiana Water-Thrush, Orchard Oriole, Ovenbird, Rose-Breasted Grosbeak, Red-Eyed Vireo, Scarlet Tanager, Veery, Warbling Vireo, Willow Flycatcher, Wood Thrush, Yellow Warbler, Yellow-Throated Vireo = 21 species
Resident: European Starling, Hairy Woodpecker, House Finch, House Sparrow, Pileated Woodpecker, Song Sparrow, White-Breasted Nuthatch = 7 species
Short-distance migrant: American Robin, Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher, Brown-headed Cowbird, Brown Thrasher, Cedar Waxwing, Common Grackle, Eastern Towhee, Field Sparrow, Gray Catbird, House Wren, Mourning Dove, Northern Flicker, Northern Rough-winged Swallow, Red-winged Blackbird, Tree Swallow = 15 species
Resident or migratory: Dark-eyed Junco = 1 species
and now the NMDS:
## species NMDS1 NMDS2 pvals
## 1 ACFL -0.6618348 -0.341392498 0.001
## 2 AMCR -0.1809373 -0.228515977 0.001
## 3 AMRO 0.1629920 0.302705875 0.001
## 4 BAOR 0.4772962 -0.127988404 0.001
## 5 BARS 0.3860442 -0.157950082 0.001
## 6 BCCH -0.1840405 -0.247342387 0.001
## 7 BGGN -0.1661447 -0.310696158 0.001
## 8 BHCO 0.2053812 -0.323500671 0.001
## 9 BRTH 0.2829251 -0.255309288 0.001
## 10 CEDW 0.4945065 -0.161253661 0.001
## 11 COGR 0.4097261 0.223524723 0.001
## 12 COYE 0.4294219 -0.454069222 0.001
## 13 DEJU -0.2800585 -0.283832953 0.001
## 14 EAKI 0.3026501 -0.153678817 0.001
## 15 EAWP -0.5238803 -0.171371275 0.001
## 16 EUST 0.5579432 0.034119785 0.001
## 17 FISP 0.1842373 -0.297461046 0.001
## 18 GRCA 0.5913728 0.010163788 0.001
## 19 HOFI 0.2689176 0.261298811 0.001
## 20 HOSP 0.2863387 0.281273735 0.001
## 21 HOWA -0.3076686 -0.569869867 0.001
## 22 HOWR 0.3001183 0.252110188 0.001
## 23 INBU 0.2709295 -0.507591667 0.001
## 24 LOWA -0.1380231 -0.364701465 0.001
## 25 MODO 0.4666425 -0.213629459 0.001
## 26 NOFL 0.3201925 0.012743833 0.001
## 27 OROR 0.6399450 -0.052994011 0.001
## 28 PIWO -0.1194412 -0.400313818 0.001
## 29 RBGR 0.2673543 -0.328081328 0.001
## 30 REVI -0.4342023 -0.084154867 0.001
## 31 RWBL 0.6464910 -0.020637450 0.001
## 32 SCTA -0.4227056 -0.474345456 0.001
## 33 SOSP 0.6408078 -0.111264386 0.001
## 34 TRES 0.4323321 -0.091271373 0.001
## 35 WAVI 0.5938069 -0.002640012 0.001
## 36 WBNU -0.3459764 -0.293921549 0.001
## 37 WIFL 0.3889553 -0.241823500 0.001
## 38 WOTH -0.1553185 -0.520658575 0.001
## 39 YEWA 0.6794610 -0.197506714 0.001
## 40 YTVI -0.1666356 -0.363636777 0.001So, now we have 40 species that contribute most to community distance between plots.
Neotropical migrants: Acadian Fly-Catcher, Baltimore Oriole, Barn Swallow, Common Yellowthroat, Eastern Kingbird, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Hooded Warbler, Indigo Bunting, Louisiana Water-Thrush, Orchard Oriole, Rose-Breasted Grosbeak, Red-Eyed Vireo, Scarlet Tanager, Warbling Vireo, Willow Flycatcher, Wood Thrush, Yellow Warbler, Yellow-Throated Vireo = 18 species
Resident: American Crow, European Starling, House Finch, House Sparrow, Pileated Woodpecker, Song Sparrow, White-Breasted Nuthatch = 7 species
Short-distance migrant: American Robin, Black-Capped Chickadee, Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher, Brown-headed Cowbird, Brown Thrasher, Cedar Waxwing, Common Grackle, Field Sparrow, Gray Catbird, House Wren, Mourning Dove, Northern Flicker, Red-winged Blackbird, Tree Swallow = 14 species
Resident or migratory: Dark-eyed Junco = 1 species
While these three sets of species are pretty similar, we can also take a look at which species are different across approaches.
outersect(fit_spp$species,fit_pcoa_spp$species,fitpca_spp$species)## [1] "CHSW" "EATO" "OVEN" "VEER" "AMGO" "AMKE" "CANG" "EABL" "EAME" "GCFL" "KILL" "TUVU"So American Goldfinch, American Kestrel, Canada Goose, Chimney Swift, Eastern Bluebird, Eastern Meadowlark, Easter Towhee, Great-Crested Flycatcher, Killdeer, Ovenbird, Tufted Titmouse, Turkey Vulture, and Veery. At least to me, nothing particularly sticks out as a commonality across these species, but it may make just as much sense to simply pool these species across approaches:
sort(unique(c(fit_spp$species,fit_pcoa_spp$species,fitpca_spp$species)))## [1] "ACFL" "AMCR" "AMGO" "AMKE" "AMRO" "BAOR" "BARS" "BCCH" "BGGN" "BHCO" "BRTH" "CANG" "CEDW" "CHSW" "COGR" "COYE" "DEJU" "EABL" "EAKI" "EAME" "EATO" "EAWP" "EUST" "FISP" "GCFL" "GRCA" "HAWO" "HOFI" "HOSP" "HOWA" "HOWR" "INBU" "KILL" "LOWA" "MODO" "NOFL" "NRWS" "OROR" "OVEN" "PIWO" "RBGR" "REVI" "RWBL" "SCTA" "SOSP" "TRES" "TUVU" "VEER" "WAVI" "WBNU" "WIFL" "WOTH" "YEWA" "YTVI"This gives us a list of 54 bird species that seem to be particularly differentiated/variable across plots. That is about half of the total number of species in the overall dataset.
As we proceed, we will begin layering on our environmental datasets using three main approaches: constrained ordination, linear models of species richness, and multi-species occupancy models.
constrained
Whereas the ordination approaches above were focused on unconstrained ordination - in this case, exploring how species are arranged between sample sites - there is an entire suite of approaches that address how environmental gradients shape community assemblages among sample sites. These are called constrained ordination approaches. I am personally a huge proponent of redundancy analysis (RDA) as a flexible constrained ordination approach. Taken from the GUSTA ME tutorial on RDA:
“RDA can also be considered a constrained version of principal components analysis (PCA), wherein canonical axes - built from linear combinations of response variables - must also be linear combinations of the explanatory variables (i.e. fitted by [multiple linear regression]). The RDA approach generates one ordination in the space defined by the matrix of response variables and another in the space defined by the matrix of explanatory variables.”
So, in essence, the ordination plot produced will depict an optimal arrangement of environmental axes (RDA1, 2, etc.) that maximally explains variation in the species dataset.
We are going to use stepwise selection to explore which PCAP covariates most explain plot-level differences.
p<-rda(birdcomm_bin~.,vegecomm_drop,scale=T)
fit<-envfit(p,vegecomm_drop,scale=T)
p_0<-rda(birdcomm_bin~1,vegecomm_drop,scale=T)
p_1<-rda(birdcomm_bin~.,vegecomm_drop,scale=T)
set.seed(12345)
p_step<- ordistep(p_0, scope = formula(p_1))##
## Start: birdcomm_bin ~ 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + tol_rel 1 756.52 6.6278 0.005 **
## + svp 1 759.75 3.3367 0.005 **
## + sens_rel 1 760.08 3.0040 0.005 **
## + bryo 1 760.13 2.9488 0.005 **
## + shrub 1 760.69 2.3887 0.005 **
## + dicot 1 760.69 2.3868 0.005 **
## + sens_rel_notree 1 760.88 2.2021 0.005 **
## + cyper 1 761.26 1.8240 0.005 **
## + canopy 1 761.40 1.6763 0.005 **
## + subcanopy 1 761.12 1.9604 0.010 **
## + inv 1 760.60 2.4803 0.060 .
## + hydro 1 761.74 1.3427 0.100 .
## + small_tree 1 761.92 1.1632 0.170
## + hydro_rel 1 761.99 1.0958 0.275
## + ap 1 762.20 0.8798 0.540
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - tol_rel 1 761.09 6.6278 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + dicot 1 756.24 2.2478 0.005 **
## + svp 1 756.39 2.1026 0.005 **
## + cyper 1 756.71 1.7803 0.005 **
## + shrub 1 757.07 1.4294 0.040 *
## + hydro 1 757.10 1.3944 0.045 *
## + canopy 1 757.20 1.2963 0.055 .
## + bryo 1 757.00 1.4934 0.075 .
## + inv 1 756.58 1.9137 0.080 .
## + small_tree 1 757.34 1.1623 0.190
## + subcanopy 1 757.40 1.0978 0.300
## + hydro_rel 1 757.45 1.0499 0.340
## + sens_rel_notree 1 757.44 1.0559 0.365
## + sens_rel 1 757.47 1.0350 0.365
## + ap 1 757.67 0.8305 0.630
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + dicot
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - dicot 1 756.52 2.2478 0.005 **
## - tol_rel 1 760.69 6.4593 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + cyper 1 756.25 1.9574 0.005 **
## + svp 1 756.27 1.9327 0.005 **
## + bryo 1 756.70 1.5120 0.075 .
## + canopy 1 756.91 1.3088 0.080 .
## + inv 1 756.29 1.9117 0.090 .
## + small_tree 1 757.04 1.1759 0.170
## + shrub 1 757.12 1.0959 0.270
## + subcanopy 1 757.16 1.0578 0.310
## + sens_rel_notree 1 757.16 1.0562 0.330
## + sens_rel 1 757.17 1.0523 0.360
## + hydro_rel 1 757.21 1.0153 0.395
## + ap 1 757.38 0.8394 0.575
## + hydro 1 757.31 0.9108 0.690
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + dicot + cyper
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - cyper 1 756.24 1.9574 0.005 **
## - dicot 1 756.71 2.4225 0.005 **
## - tol_rel 1 760.77 6.4911 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + svp 1 756.38 1.8188 0.005 **
## + bryo 1 756.65 1.5586 0.055 .
## + inv 1 756.28 1.9242 0.085 .
## + canopy 1 756.94 1.2725 0.115
## + small_tree 1 757.02 1.1915 0.180
## + shrub 1 757.07 1.1488 0.220
## + sens_rel_notree 1 757.13 1.0914 0.315
## + subcanopy 1 757.15 1.0663 0.330
## + hydro_rel 1 757.19 1.0333 0.330
## + sens_rel 1 757.16 1.0628 0.370
## + hydro 1 757.31 0.9137 0.675
## + ap 1 757.51 0.7199 0.810
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + dicot + cyper + svp
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - cyper 1 756.27 1.8433 0.010 **
## - svp 1 756.25 1.8188 0.005 **
## - dicot 1 756.85 2.4083 0.005 **
## - tol_rel 1 759.89 5.4262 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + canopy 1 757.06 1.2840 0.070 .
## + inv 1 756.38 1.9384 0.080 .
## + bryo 1 757.00 1.3349 0.085 .
## + small_tree 1 757.21 1.1334 0.275
## + shrub 1 757.29 1.0554 0.330
## + hydro_rel 1 757.30 1.0438 0.395
## + sens_rel_notree 1 757.32 1.0276 0.400
## + subcanopy 1 757.32 1.0316 0.405
## + sens_rel 1 757.37 0.9791 0.515
## + hydro 1 757.43 0.9184 0.600
## + ap 1 757.62 0.7415 0.785
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1p_step## Call: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + dicot + cyper + svp, data = vegecomm_drop, scale = T)
##
## Inertia Proportion Rank
## Total 103.00000 1.00000
## Constrained 7.68058 0.07457 4
## Unconstrained 95.31942 0.92543 102
## Inertia is correlations
##
## Eigenvalues for constrained axes:
## RDA1 RDA2 RDA3 RDA4
## 4.484 1.491 0.984 0.721
##
## Eigenvalues for unconstrained axes:
## PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 PC8
## 6.460 3.678 3.582 3.215 3.037 2.621 2.553 2.371
## (Showing 8 of 102 unconstrained eigenvalues)anova(p_step)## Permutation test for rda under reduced model
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
##
## Model: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + dicot + cyper + svp, data = vegecomm_drop, scale = T)
## Df Variance F Pr(>F)
## Model 4 7.681 3.2029 0.001 ***
## Residual 159 95.319
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1anova(p_step,by="term")## Permutation test for rda under reduced model
## Terms added sequentially (first to last)
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
##
## Model: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + dicot + cyper + svp, data = vegecomm_drop, scale = T)
## Df Variance F Pr(>F)
## tol_rel 1 4.048 6.7529 0.001 ***
## dicot 1 1.362 2.2727 0.001 ***
## cyper 1 1.179 1.9674 0.002 **
## svp 1 1.090 1.8188 0.004 **
## Residual 159 95.319
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1anova(p_step,by="axis")## Permutation test for rda under reduced model
## Forward tests for axes
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
##
## Model: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + dicot + cyper + svp, data = vegecomm_drop, scale = T)
## Df Variance F Pr(>F)
## RDA1 1 4.484 7.4791 0.001 ***
## RDA2 1 1.491 2.4876 0.001 ***
## RDA3 1 0.984 1.6421 0.007 **
## RDA4 1 0.721 1.2030 0.120
## Residual 159 95.319
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1pcapplot<-ordiplot(p_step,scaling=3,type="n")
points(pcapplot, "sites",pch=3, col=colpal_reserv[reserv])
ordihull(pcapplot,groups = reserv, col=colpal_reserv, lwd=3)
title("PCA (vegan rda version)")
legend(x="right", legend=levels(reserv), col=colpal_reserv,pch = 3,cex=0.5)
ggord(p_step, xlim=c(-1.25,1),ylim = c(-0.5, 1),txt=4,arrow=TRUE,ptslab=TRUE,addsize=3, size =4,addcol = color_resid)
So this tells us that the most explanatory group of PCAP covariates is relative cover of tolerant plants (tol_rel), cover of dicots, cover of seedless vascular plants (svp), and cover of sedges (cyper). Rather conveniently, the relative cover of dicots, seedless vascular plants, and sedges is negatively associated with the relative cover of tolerant plant species.
As a quick caveat, these four variables only explain about 7.3% of the variation, as seen here (red is our environmental axes, black is our unconstrained axes):
constrained_eig <- p_step$CCA$eig/p_step$tot.chi*100
unconstrained_eig <- p_step$CA$eig/p_step$tot.chi*100
expl_var <- c(constrained_eig, unconstrained_eig)
barplot (expl_var[1:20], col = c(rep ('red', length (constrained_eig)), rep ('black', length (unconstrained_eig))),
las = 2, ylab = '% variation')
This is not that terribly uncommon for redundancy analyses - It is often difficult to find environmental gradients that explain all of the variance in large datasets like ours. Biologically, we likely do not necessarily expect that a single environmental gradient alone drives all of the variation in bird presence/absence, and intuitively know that we also have to worry about observer effects, weather, and other unmeasured characteristics. Regardless of any of the above, the ordination is significant - as are the relationships with these covariates, so we can safely say that nearly 10% of the variation in our bird species dataset is explainable by these 4 PCAP covariates!
We can also explore just the landscape covariate associations:
p_land<-rda(birdcomm_bin~.,landcomm_drop,scale=T)
fit<-envfit(p_land,landcomm_drop,scale=T)
p_land_0<-rda(birdcomm_bin~1,landcomm_drop,scale=T)
p_land_1<-rda(birdcomm_bin~.,landcomm_drop,scale=T)
set.seed(12345)
p_land_step<- ordistep(p_land_0, scope = formula(p_land_1))##
## Start: birdcomm_bin ~ 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + ldi.index.score 1 757.95 5.1630 0.005 **
## + developed 1 758.98 4.1092 0.005 **
## + developed.edge 1 759.84 3.2411 0.005 **
## + activity.area 1 761.16 1.9193 0.005 **
## + stream.edge 1 761.88 1.2024 0.110
## + bootleg.trail 1 762.09 0.9947 0.450
## + sanctioned.trail 1 762.29 0.7966 0.675
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ ldi.index.score
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - ldi.index.score 1 761.09 5.163 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + developed 1 757.14 2.7814 0.005 **
## + developed.edge 1 757.95 1.9718 0.005 **
## + activity.area 1 758.44 1.4863 0.030 *
## + bootleg.trail 1 758.99 0.9469 0.570
## + stream.edge 1 759.03 0.9043 0.685
## + sanctioned.trail 1 759.14 0.7908 0.745
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ ldi.index.score + developed
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - developed 1 757.95 2.7814 0.005 **
## - ldi.index.score 1 758.98 3.8205 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + developed.edge 1 757.60 1.5110 0.025 *
## + activity.area 1 757.87 1.2450 0.130
## + bootleg.trail 1 758.15 0.9660 0.490
## + stream.edge 1 758.15 0.9697 0.560
## + sanctioned.trail 1 758.33 0.7943 0.745
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ ldi.index.score + developed + developed.edge
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - developed.edge 1 757.14 1.5110 0.015 *
## - developed 1 757.95 2.3133 0.005 **
## - ldi.index.score 1 758.95 3.3091 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + activity.area 1 758.36 1.2015 0.155
## + bootleg.trail 1 758.60 0.9735 0.455
## + stream.edge 1 758.61 0.9637 0.550
## + sanctioned.trail 1 758.72 0.8503 0.690p_land_step## Call: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ ldi.index.score + developed + developed.edge, data = landcomm_drop, scale = T)
##
## Inertia Proportion Rank
## Total 103.00000 1.00000
## Constrained 5.79442 0.05626 3
## Unconstrained 97.20558 0.94374 102
## Inertia is correlations
##
## Eigenvalues for constrained axes:
## RDA1 RDA2 RDA3
## 4.002 1.157 0.636
##
## Eigenvalues for unconstrained axes:
## PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 PC8
## 7.848 3.913 3.573 3.413 2.734 2.620 2.498 2.444
## (Showing 8 of 102 unconstrained eigenvalues)anova(p_land_step)## Permutation test for rda under reduced model
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
##
## Model: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ ldi.index.score + developed + developed.edge, data = landcomm_drop, scale = T)
## Df Variance F Pr(>F)
## Model 3 5.794 3.1792 0.001 ***
## Residual 160 97.206
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1anova(p_land_step,by="term")## Permutation test for rda under reduced model
## Terms added sequentially (first to last)
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
##
## Model: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ ldi.index.score + developed + developed.edge, data = landcomm_drop, scale = T)
## Df Variance F Pr(>F)
## ldi.index.score 1 3.181 5.2364 0.001 ***
## developed 1 1.695 2.7902 0.001 ***
## developed.edge 1 0.918 1.5110 0.020 *
## Residual 160 97.206
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1anova(p_land_step,by="axis")## Permutation test for rda under reduced model
## Forward tests for axes
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
##
## Model: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ ldi.index.score + developed + developed.edge, data = landcomm_drop, scale = T)
## Df Variance F Pr(>F)
## RDA1 1 4.002 6.5872 0.001 ***
## RDA2 1 1.157 1.9039 0.007 **
## RDA3 1 0.636 1.0464 0.370
## Residual 160 97.206
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1ordiplot(p_land_step,scaling=3)
constrained_eig <- p_land_step$CCA$eig/p_land_step$tot.chi*100
unconstrained_eig <- p_land_step$CA$eig/p_land_step$tot.chi*100
expl_var <- c(constrained_eig, unconstrained_eig)
barplot (expl_var[1:20], col = c(rep ('red', length (constrained_eig)), rep ('black', length (unconstrained_eig))),
las = 2, ylab = '% variation')
And now for the vegetation and land cover dataset:
p_landveg<-rda(birdcomm_bin~.,landvegcomm_drop,scale=T)
fit_landveg<-envfit(p_landveg,landvegcomm_drop,scale=T)
p_landveg_0<-rda(birdcomm_bin~1,landvegcomm_drop,scale=T)
p_landveg_1<-rda(birdcomm_bin~.,landvegcomm_drop,scale=T)
set.seed(12345)
p_landveg_step<- ordistep(p_landveg_0, scope = formula(p_landveg_1))##
## Start: birdcomm_bin ~ 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + tol_rel 1 756.52 6.6278 0.005 **
## + ldi.index.score 1 757.95 5.1630 0.005 **
## + developed 1 758.98 4.1092 0.005 **
## + svp 1 759.75 3.3367 0.005 **
## + developed.edge 1 759.84 3.2411 0.005 **
## + sens_rel 1 760.08 3.0040 0.005 **
## + bryo 1 760.13 2.9488 0.005 **
## + shrub 1 760.69 2.3887 0.005 **
## + dicot 1 760.69 2.3868 0.005 **
## + sens_rel_notree 1 760.88 2.2021 0.005 **
## + activity.area 1 761.16 1.9193 0.005 **
## + cyper 1 761.26 1.8240 0.005 **
## + canopy 1 761.40 1.6763 0.005 **
## + subcanopy 1 761.12 1.9604 0.010 **
## + inv 1 760.60 2.4803 0.060 .
## + hydro 1 761.74 1.3427 0.100 .
## + stream.edge 1 761.88 1.2024 0.140
## + small_tree 1 761.92 1.1632 0.170
## + hydro_rel 1 761.99 1.0958 0.275
## + bootleg.trail 1 762.09 0.9947 0.480
## + ap 1 762.20 0.8798 0.540
## + sanctioned.trail 1 762.29 0.7966 0.775
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - tol_rel 1 761.09 6.6278 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + ldi.index.score 1 755.07 3.4193 0.005 **
## + developed 1 755.58 2.9108 0.005 **
## + developed.edge 1 756.09 2.3958 0.005 **
## + dicot 1 756.24 2.2478 0.005 **
## + svp 1 756.39 2.1026 0.005 **
## + cyper 1 756.71 1.7803 0.005 **
## + shrub 1 757.07 1.4294 0.030 *
## + hydro 1 757.10 1.3944 0.060 .
## + bryo 1 757.00 1.4934 0.070 .
## + activity.area 1 757.22 1.2770 0.075 .
## + canopy 1 757.20 1.2963 0.110
## + inv 1 756.58 1.9137 0.115
## + small_tree 1 757.34 1.1623 0.200
## + subcanopy 1 757.40 1.0978 0.250
## + hydro_rel 1 757.45 1.0499 0.310
## + sens_rel_notree 1 757.44 1.0559 0.340
## + sens_rel 1 757.47 1.0350 0.410
## + stream.edge 1 757.48 1.0214 0.450
## + bootleg.trail 1 757.55 0.9469 0.555
## + ap 1 757.67 0.8305 0.565
## + sanctioned.trail 1 757.75 0.7554 0.815
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - ldi.index.score 1 756.52 3.4193 0.005 **
## - tol_rel 1 757.95 4.8600 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + developed 1 754.63 2.3992 0.005 **
## + dicot 1 755.06 1.9772 0.005 **
## + developed.edge 1 755.22 1.8181 0.005 **
## + svp 1 755.39 1.6498 0.015 *
## + cyper 1 755.63 1.4137 0.020 *
## + bryo 1 755.42 1.6202 0.035 *
## + hydro 1 755.73 1.3160 0.060 .
## + inv 1 755.05 1.9852 0.105
## + canopy 1 755.82 1.2230 0.135
## + shrub 1 755.85 1.1938 0.160
## + small_tree 1 755.86 1.1833 0.160
## + activity.area 1 755.83 1.2179 0.185
## + sens_rel_notree 1 755.99 1.0566 0.305
## + sens_rel 1 755.98 1.0659 0.335
## + hydro_rel 1 755.98 1.0622 0.345
## + subcanopy 1 755.97 1.0814 0.390
## + bootleg.trail 1 756.11 0.9383 0.530
## + ap 1 756.20 0.8542 0.560
## + stream.edge 1 756.10 0.9472 0.580
## + sanctioned.trail 1 756.26 0.7932 0.725
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score + developed
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - developed 1 755.07 2.3992 0.005 **
## - ldi.index.score 1 755.58 2.9029 0.005 **
## - tol_rel 1 757.14 4.4602 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + dicot 1 754.66 1.9247 0.005 **
## + developed.edge 1 755.11 1.4776 0.010 **
## + cyper 1 755.16 1.4314 0.010 **
## + svp 1 755.10 1.4884 0.015 *
## + bryo 1 754.99 1.5955 0.055 .
## + hydro 1 755.26 1.3298 0.055 .
## + inv 1 754.59 1.9919 0.075 .
## + shrub 1 755.34 1.2545 0.080 .
## + small_tree 1 755.40 1.1947 0.110
## + canopy 1 755.38 1.2126 0.140
## + activity.area 1 755.49 1.1112 0.230
## + hydro_rel 1 755.53 1.0710 0.250
## + subcanopy 1 755.45 1.1442 0.270
## + sens_rel 1 755.54 1.0568 0.275
## + stream.edge 1 755.58 1.0209 0.440
## + sens_rel_notree 1 755.61 0.9943 0.445
## + bootleg.trail 1 755.65 0.9505 0.540
## + ap 1 755.74 0.8626 0.560
## + sanctioned.trail 1 755.81 0.8001 0.770
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score + developed + dicot
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - dicot 1 754.63 1.9247 0.005 **
## - developed 1 755.06 2.3438 0.005 **
## - ldi.index.score 1 755.47 2.7566 0.005 **
## - tol_rel 1 757.22 4.4866 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + cyper 1 754.80 1.7982 0.005 **
## + svp 1 754.97 1.6335 0.015 *
## + developed.edge 1 755.14 1.4698 0.020 *
## + bryo 1 755.02 1.5865 0.040 *
## + inv 1 754.63 1.9591 0.080 .
## + canopy 1 755.38 1.2329 0.125
## + small_tree 1 755.43 1.1879 0.170
## + subcanopy 1 755.50 1.1216 0.200
## + shrub 1 755.52 1.1028 0.265
## + activity.area 1 755.52 1.1003 0.295
## + sens_rel_notree 1 755.59 1.0274 0.345
## + stream.edge 1 755.61 1.0084 0.380
## + sens_rel 1 755.57 1.0473 0.385
## + hydro_rel 1 755.59 1.0263 0.385
## + bootleg.trail 1 755.67 0.9571 0.495
## + ap 1 755.74 0.8843 0.505
## + hydro 1 755.69 0.9316 0.615
## + sanctioned.trail 1 755.83 0.7992 0.740
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score + developed + dicot + cyper
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - cyper 1 754.66 1.7982 0.005 **
## - dicot 1 755.16 2.2896 0.005 **
## - developed 1 755.22 2.3523 0.005 **
## - ldi.index.score 1 755.44 2.5658 0.005 **
## - tol_rel 1 757.43 4.5207 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + svp 1 755.18 1.5626 0.005 **
## + developed.edge 1 755.27 1.4705 0.005 **
## + bryo 1 755.11 1.6223 0.055 .
## + inv 1 754.77 1.9510 0.065 .
## + small_tree 1 755.53 1.2174 0.120
## + canopy 1 755.53 1.2202 0.150
## + shrub 1 755.61 1.1465 0.205
## + activity.area 1 755.64 1.1154 0.245
## + subcanopy 1 755.62 1.1296 0.255
## + sens_rel 1 755.70 1.0548 0.275
## + sens_rel_notree 1 755.70 1.0570 0.350
## + hydro_rel 1 755.72 1.0380 0.395
## + stream.edge 1 755.74 1.0187 0.465
## + bootleg.trail 1 755.80 0.9623 0.505
## + hydro 1 755.83 0.9311 0.620
## + ap 1 756.01 0.7564 0.740
## + sanctioned.trail 1 755.97 0.7935 0.765
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score + developed + dicot + cyper + svp
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - svp 1 754.80 1.5626 0.020 *
## - cyper 1 754.97 1.7262 0.015 *
## - developed 1 755.51 2.2513 0.005 **
## - dicot 1 755.70 2.4307 0.005 **
## - ldi.index.score 1 755.76 2.4944 0.005 **
## - tol_rel 1 757.47 4.1679 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + developed.edge 1 755.63 1.4782 0.010 **
## + bryo 1 755.68 1.4287 0.075 .
## + inv 1 755.13 1.9606 0.095 .
## + canopy 1 755.90 1.2140 0.100 .
## + small_tree 1 756.00 1.1225 0.245
## + subcanopy 1 756.04 1.0809 0.275
## + shrub 1 756.05 1.0746 0.305
## + hydro_rel 1 756.08 1.0451 0.320
## + activity.area 1 756.02 1.1077 0.325
## + stream.edge 1 756.10 1.0230 0.380
## + sens_rel_notree 1 756.11 1.0199 0.450
## + sens_rel 1 756.14 0.9925 0.485
## + bootleg.trail 1 756.16 0.9663 0.490
## + hydro 1 756.20 0.9339 0.580
## + sanctioned.trail 1 756.34 0.8010 0.735
## + ap 1 756.36 0.7785 0.750
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Step: birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score + developed + dicot + cyper + svp + developed.edge
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## - developed.edge 1 755.18 1.4782 0.040 *
## - developed 1 755.67 1.9493 0.015 *
## - svp 1 755.27 1.5697 0.005 **
## - cyper 1 755.43 1.7273 0.005 **
## - ldi.index.score 1 756.08 2.3485 0.005 **
## - dicot 1 756.18 2.4474 0.005 **
## - tol_rel 1 757.92 4.1336 0.005 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Df AIC F Pr(>F)
## + inv 1 755.59 1.9361 0.080 .
## + bryo 1 756.06 1.4901 0.095 .
## + canopy 1 756.32 1.2376 0.120
## + shrub 1 756.47 1.1019 0.285
## + small_tree 1 756.47 1.1010 0.295
## + subcanopy 1 756.47 1.0960 0.305
## + activity.area 1 756.47 1.0971 0.310
## + sens_rel_notree 1 756.51 1.0596 0.350
## + bootleg.trail 1 756.59 0.9809 0.470
## + hydro_rel 1 756.59 0.9877 0.475
## + sens_rel 1 756.57 1.0067 0.500
## + stream.edge 1 756.58 0.9954 0.510
## + sanctioned.trail 1 756.72 0.8573 0.665
## + hydro 1 756.68 0.8983 0.685
## + ap 1 756.80 0.7809 0.705
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1p_landveg_step## Call: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score + developed + dicot + cyper + svp + developed.edge, data = landvegcomm_drop, scale = T)
##
## Inertia Proportion Rank
## Total 103.0000 1.0000
## Constrained 11.5265 0.1119 7
## Unconstrained 91.4735 0.8881 102
## Inertia is correlations
##
## Eigenvalues for constrained axes:
## RDA1 RDA2 RDA3 RDA4 RDA5 RDA6 RDA7
## 5.301 1.746 1.400 1.043 0.786 0.720 0.530
##
## Eigenvalues for unconstrained axes:
## PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 PC8
## 6.002 3.613 3.427 3.157 2.615 2.495 2.438 2.353
## (Showing 8 of 102 unconstrained eigenvalues)anova(p_landveg_step)## Permutation test for rda under reduced model
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
##
## Model: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score + developed + dicot + cyper + svp + developed.edge, data = landvegcomm_drop, scale = T)
## Df Variance F Pr(>F)
## Model 7 11.527 2.8082 0.001 ***
## Residual 156 91.473
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1anova(p_landveg_step,by="term")## Permutation test for rda under reduced model
## Terms added sequentially (first to last)
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
##
## Model: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score + developed + dicot + cyper + svp + developed.edge, data = landvegcomm_drop, scale = T)
## Df Variance F Pr(>F)
## tol_rel 1 4.048 6.9041 0.001 ***
## ldi.index.score 1 2.058 3.5094 0.001 ***
## developed 1 1.431 2.4412 0.003 **
## dicot 1 1.142 1.9471 0.002 **
## cyper 1 1.061 1.8101 0.002 **
## svp 1 0.919 1.5674 0.011 *
## developed.edge 1 0.867 1.4782 0.024 *
## Residual 156 91.473
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1anova(p_landveg_step,by="axis")## Permutation test for rda under reduced model
## Forward tests for axes
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
##
## Model: rda(formula = birdcomm_bin ~ tol_rel + ldi.index.score + developed + dicot + cyper + svp + developed.edge, data = landvegcomm_drop, scale = T)
## Df Variance F Pr(>F)
## RDA1 1 5.301 9.0404 0.001 ***
## RDA2 1 1.746 2.9783 0.001 ***
## RDA3 1 1.400 2.3878 0.002 **
## RDA4 1 1.043 1.7781 0.022 *
## RDA5 1 0.786 1.3413 0.305
## RDA6 1 0.720 1.2273 0.307
## RDA7 1 0.530 0.9043 0.689
## Residual 156 91.473
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1ordiplot(p_landveg_step,scaling=3)
constrained_eig <- p_landveg_step$CCA$eig/p_landveg_step$tot.chi*100
unconstrained_eig <- p_landveg_step$CA$eig/p_landveg_step$tot.chi*100
expl_var <- c(constrained_eig, unconstrained_eig)
barplot (expl_var[1:20], col = c(rep ('red', length (constrained_eig)), rep ('black', length (unconstrained_eig))),
las = 2, ylab = '% variation')
Some interesting things are going on here. RDA1 primarily captures both plot-scale and landscape-scale indicators of disturbance - namely, relative cover of tolerant plant species (plot level) and landscape disturbance index (at a landscape-level) contrasted with indicators of less disturbance - namely, further distances to developed land, more seedless vascular plants, more cyperaceae, and more dicots. This one axis explains upwards of 5% of variation - so we are doing pretty well in that regard. Across all seven axes, we are approaching about 11% explained variance. In addition, stepwise selection basically confirms variable selection for the land cover and vegetation datasets run separately - the same variables included in those best-supported model statements are in this full model.
We can also explore bird species most significantly associated with our constrained ordination axes, too. We will focus on the full (land cover and vegetation) ordination.
# envfit() takes the output of metaMDS() and the species matrix you created
fitconcrda <- envfit(p_step, birdcomm_bin, perm = 999)
# extract p-values for each species
fitconcrda_pvals <- fitconcrda$vectors$pvals %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("species") %>%
dplyr::rename("pvals" = ".")
# extract coordinates for species, only keep species with p-val = 0.001
fitconcrda_spp <- fitconcrda %>%
scores(., display = "vectors") %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("species") %>%
full_join(., fitconcrda_pvals, by = "species") %>%
filter(pvals == 0.001)OK - this is getting towards our main analytical goals! Let’s sort by scores for that first environmental axis and plot these in order:
BBSMigrants_sub_sig<-BBSMigrants_sub[BBSMigrants_sub$SpeciesCode %in% fitconcrda_spp$species,]
BBSMigrants_sub_sig_reorder<-BBSMigrants_sub_sig[order(BBSMigrants_sub_sig$SpeciesCode),]
fitconcrda_spp_reorder<-fitconcrda_spp[order(fitconcrda_spp$species),]
fitconcrda_spp_join<-cbind(fitconcrda_spp_reorder,BBSMigrants_sub_sig_reorder)
fitconcrda_spp_order<-fitconcrda_spp_join[order(fitconcrda_spp_join$RDA1),]
fitconcrda_spp_order$species<-factor(fitconcrda_spp_order$species,levels=fitconcrda_spp_order$species)
fitconcrda_spp_order$color_resid[fitconcrda_spp_order$Residency %in% "NE"]<-"blue"
fitconcrda_spp_order$color_resid[fitconcrda_spp_order$Residency %in% "M"]<-"green"
fitconcrda_spp_order$color_resid[fitconcrda_spp_order$Residency %in% "R"]<-"red"
color_sub<-fitconcrda_spp_order$color_resid
ggplot(aes(x=RDA1,y=species),data=fitconcrda_spp_order)+geom_point()+theme_classic(base_size=18)+theme(axis.text.y = element_text(colour = color_sub))## Warning: Vectorized input to `element_text()` is not officially supported.
## Results may be unexpected or may change in future versions of ggplot2.
This is a pretty neat plot - Acadian Flycatcher, Scarlet Tanager, Eastern Wood-Pewee, White-breasted Nuthatch, Hooded Warbler, Red-Eyed Vireo, Dark-Eyed Junco, Wood Thrush, Hairy Woodpeckers, and Lousiana Water-Thrush all appear to be associated with higher sedge, seedless vascular plant, and dicot cover and lower cover of tolerant plants. In contrast, Yellow Warblers, Orchard Orioles, Red-Winged Blackbirds, European Starlings, Warbling Vireos, Song Sparrows, Grey Catbirds, Tree Swallows, Mourning Doves, and Cedar Waxwings are all associated with more tolerant plants. In addition, virtually all of our more tolerant vegetation-associated species are short-distance migrants, whereas the less tolerant vegetation-associated species are mostly neotropical migrants.
constrained - sites
While we have already explored environmental associations, we might also want to know what species are most differentiated between reservations. We will then use similar code to that used above to explore species that are most differentiated between reservations.
p_reservations<-rda(birdcomm_bin~reservatio,CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum,scale=T)
reservations_fitbirds<-envfit(p_reservations,birdcomm_bin)
reservations_fit<-envfit(p_reservations~reservatio,data=CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum,scale=T)
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum$site<-rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum)
plot_df_reservations <- scores(p_reservations, display = "sites") %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("site") %>%
full_join(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum, by = "site")
plot_rda_reservations <- ggplot(plot_df_reservations, aes(x = RDA1, y = RDA2, color = reservatio)) +
geom_point(size = 3, alpha = 0.8) +
stat_ellipse(linetype = 2, size = 1) +
labs(title = "RDA")
plot_rda_reservations
fitreservations_pvals <- reservations_fitbirds$vectors$pvals %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("species") %>%
dplyr::rename("pvals" = ".")
# extract coordinates for species, only keep species with p-val = 0.001
fit_reservations_spp <- reservations_fitbirds %>%
scores(., display = "vectors") %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("species") %>%
full_join(., fitreservations_pvals, by = "species") %>%
filter(pvals == 0.001)
fit_reservations_spp## species RDA1 RDA2 pvals
## 1 ACFL -0.66777571 0.117759129 0.001
## 2 AMCR -0.38752464 -0.218120450 0.001
## 3 AMKE 0.36069599 0.005207019 0.001
## 4 AMRE -0.11691782 -0.417572542 0.001
## 5 AMRO 0.26690627 0.242961322 0.001
## 6 BAOR 0.40912220 0.147084861 0.001
## 7 BARS 0.36426344 -0.297948461 0.001
## 8 BCCH -0.25654264 0.173591143 0.001
## 9 BRCR -0.28687748 -0.100539363 0.001
## 10 BRTH 0.24661825 -0.249101923 0.001
## 11 CEDW 0.40587243 -0.318529350 0.001
## 12 COGR 0.51500011 0.167583353 0.001
## 13 COYE 0.09667555 -0.532851862 0.001
## 14 DEJU -0.37639933 -0.016388874 0.001
## 15 EATO -0.13543382 -0.284272455 0.001
## 16 EAWP -0.46229095 0.436908082 0.001
## 17 EUST 0.54673983 -0.420762254 0.001
## 18 FISP -0.03106708 -0.366765924 0.001
## 19 GRCA 0.46354706 -0.107291445 0.001
## 20 HOFI 0.37928897 -0.073545643 0.001
## 21 HOSP 0.47178576 0.090612801 0.001
## 22 HOWA -0.57041850 -0.263142828 0.001
## 23 HOWR 0.31605596 0.122088141 0.001
## 24 INBU 0.14221796 -0.277445296 0.001
## 25 LOWA -0.30349510 -0.265588533 0.001
## 26 MALL 0.36539436 0.040174144 0.001
## 27 MODO 0.35803008 -0.169949443 0.001
## 28 NOFL 0.30190291 0.142456672 0.001
## 29 NRWS 0.44565648 0.077961759 0.001
## 30 OROR 0.53857451 -0.399968564 0.001
## 31 OVEN -0.32654527 -0.281863336 0.001
## 32 RBGU 0.36628682 -0.086059767 0.001
## 33 REVI -0.30390875 0.295754816 0.001
## 34 RWBL 0.50404846 -0.271167918 0.001
## 35 SCTA -0.54375433 0.062745434 0.001
## 36 SOSP 0.45897351 -0.181014710 0.001
## 37 TRES 0.44363253 -0.106280777 0.001
## 38 TUTI -0.28142388 0.201253917 0.001
## 39 TUVU 0.05394872 -0.299642895 0.001
## 40 VEER -0.25657805 -0.198795371 0.001
## 41 WAVI 0.54661431 -0.284150723 0.001
## 42 WBNU -0.47299945 0.272560858 0.001
## 43 WIFL 0.30162601 -0.294272609 0.001
## 44 WOTH -0.36226821 -0.032288378 0.001
## 45 YEWA 0.50814724 -0.424006710 0.001
## 46 YTVI -0.36532038 -0.235368151 0.001fit_reservations <- reservations_fit %>%
scores(., display = "factors") %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("reservations")
rda_reservation_plot_new <- ggplot(plot_df_reservations, aes(x = RDA1, y = RDA2)) +coord_fixed() +
geom_point(aes(color = reservatio), size = 3, alpha = 0.8) +
geom_segment(data = fit_reservations_spp, aes(x = 0, xend = RDA1, y = 0, yend = RDA2),col = "black") +
geom_text(data = fit_reservations_spp, aes(label = species))+
geom_text(data=as.data.frame(fit_reservations),aes(label=reservations))
rda_reservation_plot_new
Interesting! So when we consider reservation-of-origin, Hinckley seems to have a pretty unique bird community overall, and groups negatively along RDA1. In contrast, Brookside, Ohio and Erie Canal, and Washington all group positively along RDA1 - and are all quite heavily urbanized.
While I personally think the environmental gradient analyses are a bit more interesting, this does highlight reservations that are more or less distinct in bird community space. We can also plot just the reservations alone too:
ggplot(plot_df_reservations, aes(x = RDA1, y = RDA2)) +
coord_fixed() +
geom_text(data=as.data.frame(fit_reservations),aes(label=reservations))+xlim(-2,4)+ylim(-4,2)
lda of reservations
reservation<-factor(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum$reservatio)
reservation_min3<-reservation[!(reservation %in% c("BK","EC","GP","HU","WA"))]
birdcomm_bin_min3<-birdcomm_bin[!(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum$reservatio %in% c("BK","EC","GP","HU","WA")),]
birdcomm_bin_min3_drop1<-birdcomm_bin_min3[colSums(birdcomm_bin_min3) > 1]
color_resid_dropconstant<-color_resid[(colnames(birdcomm_bin) %in% colnames(birdcomm_bin_min3_drop1))]
lda_birdreserv<-lda(birdcomm_bin_min3_drop1, grouping = reservation_min3)
ggord(lda_birdreserv, reservation_min3, xlim=c(-15,15),ylim = c(-20, 20),txt=NULL,arrow=NULL)
ggord(lda_birdreserv, reservation_min3, xlim=c(-25,25),ylim = c(-20, 20),txt=NULL,arrow=NULL,alpha=0,alpha_el=0.5)
ggord(lda_birdreserv, reservation_min3, xlim=c(-25,25),ylim = c(-20, 20),alpha=0,alpha_el=0.5,veccol=color_resid_dropconstant,labcol=color_resid_dropconstant)
ggord(lda_birdreserv, reservation_min3, xlim=c(-25,25),ylim = c(-20, 20),veccol=color_resid_dropconstant,labcol=color_resid_dropconstant)
ggord(lda_birdreserv, reservation_min3, xlim=c(-10,10),ylim = c(-10, 10),alpha=0,alpha_el=0.5,veccol=color_resid_dropconstant,labcol=color_resid_dropconstant)
ggord(lda_birdreserv, reservation_min3, xlim=c(-7.5,7.5),ylim = c(-5, 6),alpha=0,alpha_el=0.5,var_sub = c("ACFL","HOWA","PIWO","SOSP"))
spe.class <- predict(lda_birdreserv)$class
# Posterior probabilities that the objects belong to those
# groups
spe.post <- predict(lda_birdreserv)$posterior
# Table of prior vs. predicted classifications
(spe.table <- table(reservation_min3, spe.class))
# Proportion of corrected classification
diag(prop.table(spe.table, 1))Community associations
Now, we can also look at how bird communities are differentiated between community types.
community<-factor(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum$community.x)
p_community<-rda(birdcomm_bin~community,CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum,scale=T)
community_fitbirds<-envfit(p_community,birdcomm_bin)
community_fit<-envfit(p_community~community,data=CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum,scale=T)
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum$site<-rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum)
plot_df_community <- scores(p_community, display = "sites") %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("site") %>%
full_join(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum, by = "site")
plot_rda_community <- ggplot(plot_df_community, aes(x = RDA1, y = RDA2, color = community)) +
geom_point(size = 3, alpha = 0.8) +
stat_ellipse(linetype = 2, size = 1) +
labs(title = "RDA")
plot_rda_community
fitcommunity_pvals <- community_fitbirds$vectors$pvals %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("species") %>%
dplyr::rename("pvals" = ".")
# extract coordinates for species, only keep species with p-val = 0.001
fit_community_spp <- community_fitbirds %>%
scores(., display = "vectors") %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("species") %>%
full_join(., fitcommunity_pvals, by = "species") %>%
filter(pvals == 0.001)
fit_community_spp## species RDA1 RDA2 pvals
## 1 ACFL -0.70195248 0.097941485 0.001
## 2 AMCR -0.26483267 0.156058987 0.001
## 3 BAOR 0.45535259 -0.100215702 0.001
## 4 BARS 0.41614862 0.128649059 0.001
## 5 BCCH -0.25914225 0.186621339 0.001
## 6 BEKI 0.07623645 0.304260844 0.001
## 7 CARW 0.19634245 -0.358991916 0.001
## 8 CEDW 0.50793156 -0.190529183 0.001
## 9 COGR 0.41281036 0.086914877 0.001
## 10 COYE 0.54462857 0.055690572 0.001
## 11 DEJU -0.37274656 0.195628876 0.001
## 12 EAKI 0.38558309 0.275585839 0.001
## 13 EAWP -0.54367957 0.191540154 0.001
## 14 EUST 0.61024663 0.132116554 0.001
## 15 GRCA 0.53815426 -0.159427712 0.001
## 16 HAWO -0.30118219 0.004202757 0.001
## 17 HOFI 0.29177592 0.044619987 0.001
## 18 HOWA -0.44401583 0.047422992 0.001
## 19 HOWR 0.28559364 -0.072630263 0.001
## 20 INBU 0.35169318 -0.145871019 0.001
## 21 KILL 0.25517824 0.354983330 0.001
## 22 MODO 0.51137295 0.027654563 0.001
## 23 NOFL 0.26754080 0.099347369 0.001
## 24 NRWS 0.32290594 0.402369183 0.001
## 25 OROR 0.66614724 -0.071544010 0.001
## 26 PIWO -0.19455428 0.313914955 0.001
## 27 PUFI 0.24916888 0.638570907 0.001
## 28 RBGR 0.31544337 -0.032567502 0.001
## 29 REVI -0.40938637 0.140627611 0.001
## 30 RWBL 0.62715213 0.018320407 0.001
## 31 SCTA -0.55217353 0.233164863 0.001
## 32 SOSP 0.60068008 -0.143602772 0.001
## 33 TRES 0.50591133 0.231005780 0.001
## 34 WAVI 0.63303103 0.006395845 0.001
## 35 WBNU -0.48857239 -0.043518576 0.001
## 36 WIFL 0.49797600 0.196922661 0.001
## 37 WOTH -0.31149124 -0.067476593 0.001
## 38 YEWA 0.72047250 0.049710859 0.001fit_community <- community_fit %>%
scores(., display = "factors") %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column("community")
rda_communityn_plot_new <- ggplot(plot_df_community, aes(x = RDA1, y = RDA2)) +
coord_fixed() +
geom_point(aes(color = community), size = 3, alpha = 0.8) +
geom_segment(data = fit_community_spp, aes(x = 0, xend = RDA1, y = 0, yend = RDA2),
col = "black") +
geom_text(data = fit_community_spp, aes(label = species))+
geom_text(data=as.data.frame(fit_community),aes(label=community))
rda_communityn_plot_new
ggplot(plot_df_community, aes(x = RDA1, y = RDA2)) +
coord_fixed() +
geom_text(data=as.data.frame(fit_community),aes(label=community))+xlim(-2,4)+ylim(-1,5)
ggplot(plot_df_community, aes(x = RDA1, y = RDA2)) +
coord_fixed() +
geom_text(data=as.data.frame(fit_community_spp),aes(label=species))+xlim(-1,1)+ylim(-1,1)
For these ordinations, RDA1 seems to differentiate birds along an approximate gradient of forest cover - with negative loadings indicating more hardwood-associated bird communities and more positive loadings indicating more mesic/meadow-associated areas. Intriguingly, RDA2 then groups Mesic Meadows out from all other community types - with more positive values indicating more Mesic Meadow-associated birds.
Neotropical migrants: Acadian Fly-Catcher, Baltimore Oriole, Barn Swallow, Common Yellowthroat, Eastern Kingbird, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Hooded Warbler, Indigo Bunting, Orchard Oriole, Rose-Breasted Grosbeak, Red-Eyed Vireo, Scarlet Tanager, Warbling Vireo, Willow Flycatcher, Wood Thrush, Yellow Warbler = 16 species
Resident: Carolina Wren, European Starling, Hairy Woodpecker, House Sparrow, Pileated Woodpecker, Song Sparrow, White-Breasted Nuthatch = 7 species
Short-distance migrant: Brown Thrasher, Cedar Waxwing, Common Grackle, Gray Catbird, House Wren, Killdeer, Mourning Dove, Northern Rough-winged Swallow, Purple Finch, Red-winged Blackbird, Tree Swallow = 11 species
Resident or migratory: Dark-eyed Junco = 1 species
We also can explore linear discriminant analysis:
community<-factor(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum$community.x)
birdcomm_bin_drop1<-birdcomm_bin[colSums(birdcomm_bin_min3) > 1]
color_resid_drop1<-color_resid[(colnames(birdcomm_bin) %in% colnames(birdcomm_bin_drop1))]
lda_birdcomm<-lda(birdcomm_bin_drop1, grouping = community)
lda_birdcomm_full<-lda(birdcomm_bin, grouping = community)
ggord(lda_birdcomm, community, xlim=c(-15,30),ylim = c(-15, 15),txt=NULL,arrow=NULL)
ggord(lda_birdcomm, community, xlim=c(-15,30),ylim = c(-15, 15),txt=NULL,arrow=NULL,alpha=0,alpha_el=0.5)
ggord(lda_birdcomm, community, xlim=c(-15,30),ylim = c(-15, 15),alpha=0,alpha_el=0.5,labcol=color_resid_drop1)
ggord(lda_birdcomm_full, community, xlim=c(-15,30),ylim = c(-15, 15),alpha=0,alpha_el=0.5,labcol=color_resid)
ggord(lda_birdcomm_full, community, xlim=c(-10,25),ylim = c(-7.5, 12.5),alpha=0,alpha_el=0.5,var_sub = c("ACFL","HOWA","PIWO","SOSP"))
lda
co-occurrence networks
We can also see which bird species co-occur together.
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly %>%
group_by(community,species_4_) %>%
summarise(n=n()) %>%
spread(species_4_,n) %>%
replace(is.na(.),0)
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm<-column_to_rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm,var = "community")
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm[,-1]
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm_presabs<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm %>% mutate_if(is.numeric, ~1 * (. >= 1))
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm_presabs_t<-t(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm_presabs)
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly %>%
group_by(reservatio,species_4_) %>%
summarise(n=n()) %>%
spread(species_4_,n) %>%
replace(is.na(.),0)
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm<-column_to_rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm,var = "reservatio")
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm[,-1]
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm_presabs<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm %>% mutate_if(is.numeric, ~1 * (. >= 1))
CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm_presabs_t<-t(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm_presabs)
birdcomm_bin_t<-t(birdcomm_bin)
BBSMigrants<-read.csv("G:/NaturalResources/Byer/datasets/BBS/BBS Migants.csv",header=T)
BBSMigrants_sub<-BBSMigrants[BBSMigrants$SpeciesCode %in% colnames(birdcomm_bin),]
BBSMigrants_sub_reorder<-BBSMigrants_sub[match(rownames(birdcomm_bin_t), BBSMigrants_sub$SpeciesCode),]
Residency<-BBSMigrants_sub_reorder$Residency
color_resid<-Residency
color_resid[color_resid %in% "NE"]<-"blue"
color_resid[color_resid %in% "M"]<-"green"
color_resid[color_resid %in% "R"]<-"red"
# presence/absence across plots
co <- print(cooccur(birdcomm_bin_t, spp_names = TRUE))
co[, "sp1_name"] == rownames(birdcomm_bin_t)[co$sp1]
co[, "sp2_name"] == rownames(birdcomm_bin_t)[co$sp2]
nodes <- data.frame(id = 1:nrow(birdcomm_bin_t),
label = rownames(birdcomm_bin_t),
color = color_resid,
shadow = TRUE)
edges <- data.frame(from = co$sp1, to = co$sp2,
color = ifelse(co$p_lt <= 0.05, "#B0B2C1", "#3C3F51"),
dashes = ifelse(co$p_lt <= 0.05, TRUE, FALSE))
cooc<-cooccur(birdcomm_bin_t, spp_names = TRUE)
coccur
# presence/absence across reservations
co_reserv <- print(cooccur(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm_presabs_t, spp_names = TRUE))
co_reserv[, "sp1_name"] == rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm_presabs_t)[co_reserv$sp1]
co_reserv[, "sp2_name"] == rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm_presabs_t)[co_reserv$sp2]
nodes_reserv <- data.frame(id = 1:nrow(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm_presabs_t),
label = rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm_presabs_t),
color = color_resid,
shadow = TRUE)
edges_reserv <- data.frame(from = co_reserv$sp1, to = co_reserv$sp2,
color = ifelse(co_reserv$p_lt <= 0.05, "#B0B2C1", "#3C3F51"),
dashes = ifelse(co_reserv$p_lt <= 0.05, TRUE, FALSE))
coocc_reserv<-cooccur(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_reservsumm_presabs_t, spp_names = TRUE)
# presence/absence across habitats
co_comm <- print(cooccur(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm_presabs_t, spp_names = TRUE))
co_comm[, "sp1_name"] == rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm_presabs_t)[co_comm$sp1]
co_comm[, "sp2_name"] == rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm_presabs_t)[co_comm$sp2]
nodes_comm <- data.frame(id = 1:nrow(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm_presabs_t),
label = rownames(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm_presabs_t),
color = color_resid,
shadow = TRUE)
edges_comm <- data.frame(from = co_comm$sp1, to = co_comm$sp2,
color = ifelse(co_comm$p_lt <= 0.05, "#B0B2C1", "#3C3F51"),
dashes = ifelse(co_comm$p_lt <= 0.05, TRUE, FALSE))
coocc_comm<-cooccur(CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_commsumm_presabs_t, spp_names = TRUE)visNetwork(nodes = nodes_comm, edges = edges_comm) %>%
visIgraphLayout(layout = "layout_with_kk")plot(coocc_comm)
plot(coocc_reserv)
Now pRDA - with variance partitioning.
As a final sanity check, it can sometimes be difficult to disentangle geographic effects from environmental effects in these sorts of analyses. For example, what if (hypothetically) cover of seedless vascular plants is negatively associated with geographic coordinates? Thus, we might want to briefly check if the variance explained by our environmental axes is (or is not) confounded with geography. To do so, we will use the varpart() function, which partitions variance between model components:
vegecomm_latlong<-CMP_bbs_pcap_join_pcaponly_pcapsum[,3:26]
pcap_geog<-varpart(birdcomm_bin,~ tol_rel + svp + dicot + cyper,~longitude+latitude,data=vegecomm_latlong)
plot(pcap_geog)
So - most of this variation is associated with these top covariates (X1), and NOT with latitude and longitude alone (X2). Good to see - this means we can be confident that these are actual environmental effects!
community richness metrics
Next, we can explore the relationships between species richness and plot characteristics. We will start with plot-level explorations.
plot-level analyses
plot-level richness and various indicators
Now, we will produce some exploratory models and plots of richness against basic indicators of vegetative quality, including the Floristic Quality Indicator (FQI) and the Vegetative Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI).
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = S ~ vibifq, data = vegecomm_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -17.0236 -4.1863 -0.1937 4.0359 19.1247
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.32917 1.07290 26.404 <2e-16 ***
## vibifq -0.04776 0.02100 -2.274 0.0243 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 6.203 on 162 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03093, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02495
## F-statistic: 5.17 on 1 and 162 DF, p-value: 0.02429##
## Call:
## lm(formula = S ~ fqi, data = vegecomm_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -17.1623 -4.4496 -0.0736 4.0143 19.5003
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 27.93473 1.44131 19.381 <2e-16 ***
## fqi -0.09958 0.07574 -1.315 0.19
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 6.268 on 162 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01056, Adjusted R-squared: 0.004449
## F-statistic: 1.728 on 1 and 162 DF, p-value: 0.1905
Somewhat unexpectedly, this seems to suggest that higher VIBI scores actually produce slightly less species-rich communities. What could be causing this? Well, to start - perhaps the number of surveys for each plot may be influencing this.
We can generate a summary of the number of surveys for each plot.
So the number of surveys clearly has an effect on the species richness of the site. This is somewhat difficult to account for, but we will attempt to do so using mixed effects models. I then use Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC for short) to rank these models. The lowest number is the best, and any model within 2 AIC of the top model is potentially worth interpreting.
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ vibifq + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4338.1
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.6272 -0.6938 -0.1159 0.6506 3.4401
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 5.751 2.398
## Residual 13.659 3.696
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 14.40949 0.52035 27.692
## vibifq -0.02979 0.01011 -2.945
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## vibifq -0.892## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ vibifqnotrees + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4344.3
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5644 -0.6912 -0.1017 0.6393 3.4613
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.144 2.479
## Residual 13.651 3.695
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.60027 0.46329 29.356
## vibifqnotrees -0.01666 0.01195 -1.395
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## vibifqnotrs -0.855## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ carex + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4341.1
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5143 -0.6878 -0.0932 0.6348 3.5104
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.247 2.499
## Residual 13.635 3.693
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 12.73705 0.40224 31.67
## carex 0.09470 0.09767 0.97
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## carex -0.800## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ cyper + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4341
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5231 -0.6865 -0.0923 0.6361 3.5144
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.236 2.497
## Residual 13.635 3.693
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 12.70712 0.40043 31.734
## cyper 0.09970 0.09323 1.069
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## cyper -0.798## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ dicot + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4338.6
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.4759 -0.7094 -0.0914 0.6311 3.5429
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 5.972 2.444
## Residual 13.617 3.690
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 11.77658 0.54658 21.546
## dicot 0.05340 0.02071 2.578
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## dicot -0.900## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ shade + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4343.4
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.4759 -0.6917 -0.0955 0.6352 3.5320
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.22 2.494
## Residual 13.63 3.691
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 12.45647 0.49909 24.958
## shade 0.02703 0.01995 1.355
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## shade -0.876## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ hydro + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4336.6
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.4494 -0.6753 -0.0787 0.6392 3.4727
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 5.878 2.425
## Residual 13.633 3.692
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 12.51440 0.30523 40.999
## hydro 0.09764 0.03556 2.746
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## hydro -0.632## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ shrub + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4338.6
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5445 -0.6905 -0.0868 0.6392 3.4783
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.255 2.501
## Residual 13.641 3.693
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.1936 0.3126 42.208
## shrub -0.3018 0.4145 -0.728
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## shrub -0.635## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ svp + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4341.1
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5256 -0.6802 -0.1002 0.6338 3.4852
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.30 2.510
## Residual 13.63 3.693
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.00541 0.31827 40.863
## svp 0.03293 0.15353 0.214
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## svp -0.649## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ ap + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4335.6
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5304 -0.6816 -0.0968 0.6342 3.4941
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.285 2.507
## Residual 13.641 3.693
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.0838 0.3463 37.777
## ap -0.3422 2.4707 -0.139
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## ap -0.716## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ bryo + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4320.8
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5799 -0.6796 -0.0874 0.6408 3.5222
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 5.662 2.379
## Residual 13.629 3.692
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.6849 0.2993 45.720
## bryo -42.5346 12.3590 -3.442
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## bryo -0.625## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ sens_rel + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4324.5
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5796 -0.7120 -0.1165 0.6401 3.5406
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 5.501 2.345
## Residual 13.674 3.698
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.7822 0.3113 44.276
## sens_rel -4.8617 1.3591 -3.577
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## sens_rel -0.668## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ tol_rel + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4318.3
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.7018 -0.6931 -0.1086 0.6529 3.4039
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 5.191 2.278
## Residual 13.647 3.694
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 11.7966 0.3554 33.194
## tol_rel 3.8836 0.8575 4.529
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## tol_rel -0.769## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ fqi + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4342.7
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5791 -0.6896 -0.1005 0.6455 3.4619
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.19 2.488
## Residual 13.65 3.694
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.81221 0.70470 19.600
## fqi -0.04256 0.03690 -1.153
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## fqi -0.940## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ inv + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4333.6
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5179 -0.6802 -0.0944 0.6357 3.5144
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.165 2.483
## Residual 13.647 3.694
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.000 0.243 53.489
## inv 3.754 2.808 1.337
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## inv -0.149## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ small_tree + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4335.6
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5411 -0.6780 -0.0925 0.6315 3.4833
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.292 2.508
## Residual 13.637 3.693
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.1468 0.4145 31.718
## small_tree -0.6787 2.3502 -0.289
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## small_tree -0.812## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ subcanopy + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4335.8
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5265 -0.6818 -0.0950 0.6331 3.4924
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.289 2.508
## Residual 13.639 3.693
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.0216 0.2914 44.691
## subcanopy 0.3731 2.1632 0.172
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## subcanopy -0.557## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ canopy + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4327.6
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.7094 -0.6946 -0.1010 0.6303 3.6247
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 5.858 2.420
## Residual 13.637 3.693
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 14.7228 0.6473 22.745
## canopy -8.1301 2.9181 -2.786
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## canopy -0.931## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: S_plotdate ~ 1 + (1 | simp_plot)
## Data: vegecomm_bycount
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 4339.2
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.5268 -0.6836 -0.0971 0.6333 3.4994
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## simp_plot (Intercept) 6.227 2.495
## Residual 13.641 3.693
## Number of obs: 763, groups: simp_plot, 164
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 13.0488 0.2411 54.12##
## Model selection based on AICc:
##
## K AICc Delta_AICc AICcWt Cum.Wt Res.LL
## Mod16 4 4326.31 0.00 0.75 0.75 -2159.13
## Mod2 4 4328.88 2.57 0.21 0.96 -2160.41
## Mod10 4 4332.53 6.22 0.03 0.99 -2162.24
## Mod3 4 4335.67 9.36 0.01 1.00 -2163.81
## Mod9 4 4341.60 15.30 0.00 1.00 -2166.78
## Mod1 4 4343.63 17.32 0.00 1.00 -2167.79
## Mod13 4 4343.66 17.36 0.00 1.00 -2167.81
## Mod14 4 4343.88 17.58 0.00 1.00 -2167.92
## Mod8 4 4344.70 18.39 0.00 1.00 -2168.32
## Mod19 3 4345.27 18.96 0.00 1.00 -2169.62
## Mod17 4 4346.17 19.86 0.00 1.00 -2169.06
## Mod6 4 4346.62 20.31 0.00 1.00 -2169.28
## Mod12 4 4346.68 20.38 0.00 1.00 -2169.32
## Mod5 4 4349.06 22.75 0.00 1.00 -2170.50
## Mod15 4 4349.16 22.85 0.00 1.00 -2170.55
## Mod4 4 4349.17 22.86 0.00 1.00 -2170.56
## Mod7 4 4350.72 24.42 0.00 1.00 -2171.34
## Mod11 4 4351.45 25.14 0.00 1.00 -2171.70
## Mod18 4 4352.37 26.06 0.00 1.00 -2172.16So richness - at a plot level, and after accounting for plot identity - is determined by how many tolerant species are in the associated plot. And this is much more predictive than any other model.
Here is the plot for this top model:
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
We can also verify that our mixed effects model fits better compared to the fixed effects model.
Rich_tol_rel_fixed<-lm(S_plotdate~tol_rel,vegecomm_bycount)
summary(Rich_tol_rel_fixed)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = S_plotdate ~ tol_rel, data = vegecomm_bycount)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.5052 -2.8223 -0.5578 2.7377 19.9775
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 11.6566 0.2402 48.522 < 2e-16 ***
## tol_rel 3.7289 0.5972 6.244 7.08e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.291 on 761 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04874, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04749
## F-statistic: 38.99 on 1 and 761 DF, p-value: 7.085e-10anova(Rich_tol_rel, Rich_tol_rel_fixed) ## refitting model(s) with ML (instead of REML)## Data: vegecomm_bycount
## Models:
## Rich_tol_rel_fixed: S_plotdate ~ tol_rel
## Rich_tol_rel: S_plotdate ~ tol_rel + (1 | simp_plot)
## npar AIC BIC logLik deviance Chisq Df Pr(>Chisq)
## Rich_tol_rel_fixed 3 4391.9 4405.8 -2193.0 4385.9
## Rich_tol_rel 4 4326.6 4345.2 -2159.3 4318.6 67.289 1 2.345e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1This confirms that we chose correctly - the mixed effects model fits better than the fixed effects-only model.
We can also inspect how this observation-level mixed effect model compares to a plot-level, fixed effect model (in other words - a view that just looks at richness at a plot level - aggregating over observations).
S_tol_rel<-lm(S~tol_rel,vegecomm_richness)
confint(S_tol_rel)## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 22.88094 25.853189
## tol_rel 1.96969 9.053297confint(Rich_tol_rel)## Computing profile confidence intervals ...## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## .sig01 1.845565 2.700243
## .sigma 3.493475 3.916023
## (Intercept) 11.100919 12.494418
## tol_rel 2.204396 5.564987We can see that, while the covariate estimate for the plot-level model is higher, it is also estimated with much more variance (its confidence intervals are wider). This is not surprising - our functional sample size for this dataset is 164 plots. In contrast, while the observation-level mixed-effects model has a lower covariate estimate, we have tighter confidence intervals around this estimate - likely by virtue of a larger number of samples and a more effectively parameterized model.
reservation-level analyses
Now we are going to re-summarize this dataset at a reservation-level. While we will have limited power for many comparisons of interest, this could provide some indication of whether covariate relationships vary across scales.
This doesn’t quite get at what we want - this displays species accumulation across reservations after accounting for survey effort per reservation. Let’s try exploring reservation-by-reservation rarefaction with the previous observation-level dataset.
With the plot-level data, we could easily account for variation in survey effort across plots with a mixed model design, but this case is a bit more complicated. We are interested in reservation-level species richness, but know that reservations were visited different numbers of times - based on the number of plots and the number of surveys/plot. Thus, the easiest thing to start with is simply using species richness estimates interpolated to the least number of surveys per reservation (3, in our case).
Now we can proceed with exploring richness patterns across reservations.
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ vibifq, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.9895 -1.8914 0.0771 2.0346 4.9142
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.2073 1.8849 10.190 7.39e-08 ***
## vibifq 0.1274 0.0474 2.688 0.0177 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.745 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3405, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2933
## F-statistic: 7.227 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.01766##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ vibifqnotrees, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.3014 -1.3851 -0.2547 1.5610 4.8501
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.71868 1.40132 14.07 1.18e-09 ***
## vibifqnotrees 0.16621 0.04947 3.36 0.00467 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.515 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4464, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4069
## F-statistic: 11.29 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.00467##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ carex, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.6119 -2.3320 0.1302 1.5981 6.0053
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 22.2520 1.6868 13.192 2.75e-09 ***
## carex 0.6247 0.5522 1.131 0.277
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.236 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08376, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01832
## F-statistic: 1.28 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.2769##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ cyper, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.9740 -2.4015 0.2932 1.6727 5.8817
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 22.5425 1.7090 13.190 2.75e-09 ***
## cyper 0.4864 0.5269 0.923 0.372
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.282 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.05738, Adjusted R-squared: -0.009948
## F-statistic: 0.8523 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.3716##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ dicot, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.9111 -1.8457 0.0889 1.9149 4.7618
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 20.6491 2.2152 9.321 2.21e-07 ***
## dicot 0.1592 0.1007 1.580 0.136
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.114 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1514, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09076
## F-statistic: 2.497 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.1364##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ shade, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.5057 -1.7320 -0.0602 1.6767 5.0285
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 20.84811 1.89562 10.998 2.84e-08 ***
## shade 0.17383 0.09797 1.774 0.0978 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.054 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1836, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1253
## F-statistic: 3.148 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.09776##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ hydro, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.2257 -1.9919 -0.0224 1.1333 5.2002
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 21.2706 1.1344 18.750 2.57e-11 ***
## hydro 0.6517 0.2249 2.897 0.0117 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.673 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3748, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3302
## F-statistic: 8.394 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.01171##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ shrub, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.4970 -2.2197 0.3984 1.6878 4.6785
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 22.098 1.061 20.833 6.18e-12 ***
## shrub 6.064 2.594 2.338 0.0347 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.867 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2808, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2294
## F-statistic: 5.466 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.03475##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ svp, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.8297 -2.2485 -0.0791 2.5216 5.7365
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 23.0925 1.0956 21.077 5.28e-12 ***
## svp 1.0359 0.9176 1.129 0.278
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.236 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08343, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01797
## F-statistic: 1.274 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.2779##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ ap, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.7087 -2.0774 -0.1786 1.6334 4.8219
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 21.706 1.547 14.034 1.22e-09 ***
## ap 23.910 14.428 1.657 0.12
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.091 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.164, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1043
## F-statistic: 2.746 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.1197##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ bryo, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.6593 -1.8343 -0.1896 1.5095 5.2030
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 23.009 1.046 22.00 2.94e-12 ***
## bryo 59.804 44.312 1.35 0.199
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.18 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1151, Adjusted R-squared: 0.05192
## F-statistic: 1.821 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.1986##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ sens_rel, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.9466 -2.1946 -0.3296 1.5746 5.9942
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 22.112 1.402 15.767 2.63e-10 ***
## sens_rel 13.128 8.433 1.557 0.142
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.121 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1476, Adjusted R-squared: 0.08667
## F-statistic: 2.423 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.1418##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ tol_rel, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.8520 -1.9963 0.2494 1.3926 3.9695
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.181 1.624 17.350 7.32e-11 ***
## tol_rel -10.591 3.684 -2.875 0.0122 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.68 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3713, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3264
## F-statistic: 8.268 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.01222##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ fqi, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.0813 -1.4432 -0.3677 1.7574 5.0886
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 18.4035 2.4277 7.58 2.55e-06 ***
## fqi 0.3630 0.1525 2.38 0.0321 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.852 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.288, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2372
## F-statistic: 5.664 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.03208##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ inv, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.3009 -2.1390 0.1538 1.7001 5.4281
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 23.6509 0.9491 24.920 5.36e-13 ***
## inv 30.0878 49.4189 0.609 0.552
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.337 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02579, Adjusted R-squared: -0.04379
## F-statistic: 0.3707 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.5524##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ small_tree, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.995 -2.762 0.536 1.819 4.382
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 22.208 1.992 11.147 2.4e-08 ***
## small_tree 13.070 13.815 0.946 0.36
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.277 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06009, Adjusted R-squared: -0.007046
## F-statistic: 0.8951 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.3602##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ subcanopy, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -6.1982 -1.1147 0.3774 2.0300 3.7689
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 22.475 1.261 17.825 5.09e-11 ***
## subcanopy 25.264 17.153 1.473 0.163
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.145 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1342, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07232
## F-statistic: 2.169 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.1629##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ canopy, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.3112 -2.6479 0.4868 1.8009 5.5576
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 27.441 4.374 6.273 2.05e-05 ***
## canopy -17.408 21.275 -0.818 0.427
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.302 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04564, Adjusted R-squared: -0.02253
## F-statistic: 0.6695 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.4269##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ 1, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.5765 -2.3783 0.0258 2.0039 5.2136
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 23.9265 0.8164 29.31 1.17e-14 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.266 on 15 degrees of freedom##
## Model selection based on AICc:
##
## K AICc Delta_AICc AICcWt Cum.Wt LL
## Mod18 3 80.78 0.00 0.39 0.39 -36.39
## Mod8 3 82.73 1.95 0.15 0.54 -37.36
## Mod16 3 82.82 2.04 0.14 0.68 -37.41
## Mod17 3 83.59 2.80 0.10 0.77 -37.79
## Mod7 3 84.81 4.03 0.05 0.82 -38.40
## Mod12 3 84.97 4.19 0.05 0.87 -38.49
## Mod11 3 87.00 6.22 0.02 0.89 -39.50
## Mod19 2 87.17 6.38 0.02 0.91 -41.12
## Mod1 3 87.38 6.60 0.01 0.92 -39.69
## Mod6 3 87.62 6.84 0.01 0.93 -39.81
## Mod10 3 87.69 6.91 0.01 0.95 -39.85
## Mod14 3 87.94 7.16 0.01 0.96 -39.97
## Mod2 3 88.29 7.50 0.01 0.97 -40.14
## Mod4 3 88.85 8.06 0.01 0.97 -40.42
## Mod15 3 88.85 8.07 0.01 0.98 -40.43
## Mod13 3 89.25 8.47 0.01 0.99 -40.63
## Mod5 3 89.30 8.52 0.01 0.99 -40.65
## Mod3 3 89.50 8.71 0.00 1.00 -40.75
## Mod9 3 89.83 9.04 0.00 1.00 -40.91
although our power is a bit limited above, it does appear that the Vegetative Index of Biotic Integrity - at a reservation-level - does appear to predict bird species richness (as long as we do not include woody plants in that list!)
we can also plot out richness for each site:
In confirmation of our prior ordination plots, it now appears that Rocky River is one of the most species rich areas - followed by Hinckley, South Chagrin, Bedford, and Brecksville.
reservation shape features and species richness
While these vegetative associations are certainly important, it is often helpful to also think about how the shape of our reservations influences the species found within them. There is a rich body of literature on the effects of landscape context and configuration on ecological processes and patterns - and this is an area I am particularly interested in!
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ acres, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.5631 -2.4973 -0.4665 2.3662 3.6307
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.183e+01 9.964e-01 21.907 3.12e-12 ***
## acres 1.427e-03 5.003e-04 2.853 0.0128 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.688 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3676, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3224
## F-statistic: 8.137 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.01278##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ ai, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.0724 -1.9479 0.3464 2.3852 4.6071
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.8654 14.9201 0.259 0.799
## ai 0.2148 0.1595 1.346 0.200
##
## Residual standard error: 3.181 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1147, Adjusted R-squared: 0.05141
## F-statistic: 1.813 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.1995##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ area_mn, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.0836 -1.8857 0.0032 2.5293 4.6198
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.238e+01 8.992e-01 24.893 5.44e-13 ***
## area_mn 1.334e-03 5.003e-04 2.667 0.0184 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.753 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3369, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2895
## F-statistic: 7.112 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.01841##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ ca, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.5674 -2.4976 -0.4706 2.3698 3.6266
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.183e+01 9.961e-01 21.916 3.1e-12 ***
## ca 3.272e-04 1.148e-04 2.851 0.0128 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.689 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3673, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3222
## F-statistic: 8.129 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.01282##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ cai_mn, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.8380 -1.1997 -0.0736 1.4644 5.0782
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 21.87439 1.68642 12.971 3.42e-09 ***
## cai_mn 0.05196 0.03769 1.379 0.19
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.172 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1196, Adjusted R-squared: 0.05667
## F-statistic: 1.901 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.1896##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ circle_mn, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.1446 -1.3189 -0.2862 2.4754 4.5336
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 13.522 5.116 2.643 0.0193 *
## circle_mn 15.941 7.756 2.055 0.0590 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.963 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2318, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1769
## F-statistic: 4.224 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.05901##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ clumpy, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.4175 -1.2864 0.0603 1.5948 3.6887
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 131.77 32.30 4.079 0.00113 **
## clumpy -105.14 31.49 -3.339 0.00487 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.522 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4433, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4036
## F-statistic: 11.15 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.004868##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ cohesion, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.6505 -1.6378 0.1534 2.0821 3.3417
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -64.3502 30.6532 -2.099 0.0544 .
## cohesion 0.9074 0.3150 2.881 0.0121 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.679 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3721, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3273
## F-statistic: 8.298 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.0121##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ contig_mn, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.6781 -1.4373 0.0113 1.7757 5.5978
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 20.328 2.349 8.653 5.43e-07 ***
## contig_mn 5.937 3.659 1.623 0.127
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.101 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09815
## F-statistic: 2.633 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.127##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ core_mn, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.1220 -1.9201 0.0065 2.4113 4.6225
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.244e+01 8.842e-01 25.379 4.17e-13 ***
## core_mn 1.513e-03 5.663e-04 2.672 0.0182 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.751 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3377, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2904
## F-statistic: 7.139 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.01823##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ cpland, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.6712 -2.5859 -0.4077 2.2932 3.6402
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 21.9702 0.9793 22.434 2.25e-12 ***
## cpland 0.3844 0.1387 2.772 0.015 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.716 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3544, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3083
## F-statistic: 7.685 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.01498##
## Call:
## lm(formula = interrich_n3 ~ dcad, data = vegecomm_reserv_richness_struct)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.3593 -2.7674 -0.1255 1.5015 5.6289
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 22.595 1.206 18.739 2.59e-11 ***
## dcad 121.688 83.440 1.458 0.167
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.15 on 14 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1319, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06988
## F-statistic: 2.127 on 1 and 14 DF, p-value: 0.1668multi-species occupancy modelling
MSOM - running different models
basic null model
bbs_occobject_null.occ.formula <- ~1
bbs_occobject_null.det.formula <- ~ 1
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.null <- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_null.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject_null.det.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.null)
ppc.ms.null.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.null, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(ppc.ms.null.out)
waicOcc(out.ms.null)building up complexity of detection model
bbs_occobject_null.occ.formula <- ~1
bbs_occobject_day.det.formula <- ~ scale(day)
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.detect.day <- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_null.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject_day.det.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.detect.day)
ppc.ms.detect.day.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.detect.day, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(out.ms.detect.day)
waicOcc(out.ms.detect.day)day and time-of-day
bbs_occobject_null.occ.formula <- ~1
bbs_occobject_daytod.det.formula <- ~ scale(day)+scale(tod)
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.detect.daytod <- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_null.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject_daytod.det.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.detect.daytod)
ppc.ms.detect.day.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.detect.daytod, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(out.ms.detect.daytod)
waicOcc(out.ms.detect.daytod)day, tod, quadratic day
bbs_occobject_null.occ.formula <- ~1
bbs_occobject_daytodquad.det.formula <- ~ scale(day)+scale(tod) +I(scale(day)^2)
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.detect.daytodquad<- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_null.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject_daytodquad.det.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.detect.daytodquad)
ppc.ms.detect.day.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.detect.daytodquad, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(out.ms.detect.daytodquad)
waicOcc(out.ms.detect.daytodquad)The best-supported model is within 2 WAIC of a simpler detection model - one that just includes day. So we will proceed with just using a linear term for day in our detectability submodels.
Now we will run several different occupancy submodels, once again evaluating fit for progressively more complicated models.
occupancy model with vibi-fq
bbs_occobject_vibifq.occ.formula <- ~ scale(vibifq)
bbs_occobject.det.best.formula <- ~ scale(day)
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.vibifq <- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_vibifq.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject.det.best.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.vibifq)
ppc.ms.vibifq.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.vibifq, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(ppc.ms.vibifq.out)
out.ms.bestdec.small <- msPGOcc(occ.formula = ~1,
det.formula = bbs_occobject.det.best.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
waicOcc(out.ms.bestdec.small)
waicOcc(out.ms.vibifq)occupancy model with vibi-fq-notrees
bbs_occobject_vibifqnotrees.occ.formula <- ~ scale(vibifqnotrees)
bbs_occobject.det.best.formula <- ~ scale(day)
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.vibifqnotrees <- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_vibifqnotrees.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject.det.best.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.vibifqnotrees)
ppc.ms.vibifqnotrees.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.vibifqnotrees, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(ppc.ms.vibifqnotrees.out)
waicOcc(out.ms.vibifqnotrees)occupancy model with all rda-supported covariates
bbs_occobject_fullrda.occ.formula <- ~ scale(tol_rel) + scale(svp) + scale(dicot) + scale(cyper) + scale(small_tree)
bbs_occobject.det.best.formula <- ~ scale(day)
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.fullrda <- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_fullrda.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject.det.best.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.fullrda)
ppc.ms.fullrda.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.fullrda, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(ppc.ms.fullrda.out)
waicOcc(out.ms.fullrda)occupancy model with just tolerance/sensitivity
bbs_occobject_tolerance.occ.formula <- ~ scale(tol_rel)
bbs_occobject.det.best.formula <- ~ scale(day)
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.tolerance<- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_tolerance.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject.det.best.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.tolerance)
ppc.ms.tolerance.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.tolerance, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(ppc.ms.tolerance.out)
waicOcc(out.ms.tolerance)global model
bbs_occobject_global.occ.formula <- ~ scale(tol_rel) + scale(svp) + scale(dicot) + scale(cyper) + scale(small_tree)+scale(shrub)+scale(hydro)+scale(subcanopy)+scale(canopy)
bbs_occobject.det.best.formula <- ~ scale(day)
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.global <- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_global.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject.det.best.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.global)
ppc.ms.global.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.global, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(ppc.ms.global.out)
waicOcc(out.ms.global)just FQAI
bbs_occobject_fqi.occ.formula <- ~ scale(fqi)
bbs_occobject.det.best.formula <- ~ scale(day)
N <- dim(bbs_occobject$y)[1]
ms.inits <- list(alpha.comm = 0,
beta.comm = 0,
beta = 0,
alpha = 0,
tau.sq.beta = 1,
tau.sq.alpha = 1,
z = apply(bbs_occobject$y, c(1, 2), max, na.rm = TRUE))
ms.priors <- list(beta.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
alpha.comm.normal = list(mean = 0, var = 2.72),
tau.sq.beta.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1),
tau.sq.alpha.ig = list(a = 0.1, b = 0.1))
out.ms.fqi <- msPGOcc(occ.formula = bbs_occobject_fqi.occ.formula,
det.formula = bbs_occobject.det.best.formula,
data = bbs_occobject,
inits = ms.inits,
n.samples = 30000,
priors = ms.priors,
n.omp.threads = 1,
verbose = TRUE,
n.report = 6000,
n.burn = 10000,
n.thin = 50,
n.chains = 3)
summary(out.ms.fqi)
ppc.ms.fqi.out <- ppcOcc(out.ms.fqi, 'chi-squared', group = 1)
summary(ppc.ms.fqi.out)
waicOcc(out.ms.fqi)model selection
we can also print out a table of Widely Applicable Information Criterion (wAIC) values. The lower this is, the better the model fit.
AICc_table<-tibble(.rows = 10)
AICc_table$model<-c("Null","p ~ day", "p ~ day + time-of-day", "p ~ day^2 + day +tod", "p ~ day, psi ~ vibi-fq", "p ~ day, psi ~ vibi-fq-notree","p ~ day, psi ~ tolerant + seedless vascular + dicots + cyperaceae + small trees","p~day,psi~tolerant","p~day,psi~tolerant + seedless vascular + dicot + cyperaceae + small trees +shrubs+hydro+subcanopy+canopy","p~day,psi~fqi")
AICc_table$wAIC<-c(waicOcc(out.ms.null)[[3]],waicOcc(out.ms.detect.day)[[3]],waicOcc(out.ms.detect.daytod)[[3]],
waicOcc(out.ms.detect.daytodquad)[[3]],waicOcc(out.ms.vibifq)[[3]],waicOcc(out.ms.vibifqnotrees)[[3]],
waicOcc(out.ms.fullrda)[[3]],waicOcc(out.ms.tolerance)[[3]],waicOcc(out.ms.global)[[3]],waicOcc(out.ms.fqi)[[3]])## X model wAIC
## 9 9 p~day,psi~tolerant + seedless vascular + dicot + cyperaceae + small trees +shrubs+hydro+subcanopy+canopy 23165.73
## 7 7 p ~ day, psi ~ tolerant + seedless vascular + dicots + cyperaceae + small trees 23185.00
## 5 5 p ~ day, psi ~ vibi-fq 23190.57
## 8 8 p~day,psi~tolerant 23323.25
## 6 6 p ~ day, psi ~ vibi-fq-notree 23372.44
## 4 4 p ~ day^2 + day +tod 23755.71
## 2 2 p ~ day 23756.93
## 3 3 p ~ day + time-of-day 23769.78
## 1 1 Null 23840.32So, the top model is the global, followed by the stepwise-selected rda model.
Now, we plot based on this top model.
plotting using an RShiny app
While the below RShiny app should be fairly easy to use within the current webpage, you may also access this via: https://testudinidude.shinyapps.io/bbsapp/.
covariate plotting
Finally, we can also run some plots depicting covariate effects for each species. These should make it clear if and when species appear to be particularly related to certain vegetative characteristics - and thus may serve as “indicators” for these characteristics.
## Process Species Covariate Mean SD X2.5CI X50CI X97.5CI Rhat ESS X5.0CI X95.0CI
## 1 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher Intercept 0.2340 0.2189 -0.1936 0.2263 0.6652 1.0000 1200 -0.1116 0.5983
## 2 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher Intercept -4.6154 1.2222 -7.0511 -4.6699 -2.1794 1.0076 794 -6.5500 -2.5809
## 3 Occupancy American Crow Intercept -0.0006 0.3910 -0.6121 -0.0505 0.9042 1.0243 1200 -0.5431 0.6397
## 4 Occupancy American Goldfinch Intercept 2.6936 0.8529 1.6175 2.5289 4.8081 1.0026 862 1.7358 4.2499
## 5 Occupancy American Kestrel Intercept -4.4353 1.3088 -6.8580 -4.4972 -1.9547 1.0133 557 -6.4682 -2.4585
## 6 Occupancy American Redstart Intercept -2.4841 0.5525 -3.4860 -2.5436 -1.3104 1.0089 1200 -3.3129 -1.5385
## 7 Occupancy American Robin Intercept 2.4787 0.3953 1.8250 2.4325 3.3823 1.0028 1060 1.9102 3.1850
## 8 Occupancy American Woodcock Intercept -4.1978 0.9036 -5.9506 -4.1849 -2.3962 1.0038 941 -5.6645 -2.7753
## 9 Occupancy Barred Owl Intercept -3.2363 1.2162 -5.3244 -3.3502 -0.3969 1.0342 521 -4.9742 -1.2083
## 10 Occupancy Bald Eagle Intercept -3.6512 1.1352 -5.6987 -3.7054 -1.2386 1.0080 617 -5.4050 -1.7567
## 11 Occupancy Bank Swallow Intercept -4.2125 1.2134 -6.4725 -4.2291 -1.6513 1.0031 777 -6.0845 -2.2049
## 12 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole Intercept -0.1700 0.3474 -0.7735 -0.1887 0.6107 1.0052 1200 -0.6892 0.4565
## 13 Occupancy Barn Swallow Intercept -1.8638 0.7451 -3.0358 -1.9710 -0.2046 1.0006 784 -2.8706 -0.4977
## 14 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee Intercept 3.1328 0.8145 1.9918 2.9961 5.1309 1.0032 904 2.1168 4.6881
## 15 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher Intercept -0.9584 0.8347 -2.2092 -1.0724 0.9935 1.0167 692 -2.0568 0.4083
## 16 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Intercept 1.3498 0.4611 0.6351 1.2916 2.3720 1.0241 1200 0.7229 2.1047
## 17 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird Intercept 2.0201 0.4701 1.2236 1.9563 3.0685 1.0064 1200 1.3545 2.8841
## 18 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo Intercept -4.2735 1.2975 -6.8127 -4.3253 -1.5128 1.0136 627 -6.3524 -2.0728
## 19 Occupancy Blue Jay Intercept 2.2398 0.3895 1.6337 2.1909 3.1552 1.0017 1200 1.6981 2.9143
## 20 Occupancy Bobolink Intercept -5.7820 1.6136 -9.0744 -5.6978 -2.6350 1.0039 711 -8.4656 -3.2912
## 21 Occupancy Brown Creeper Intercept -2.2527 0.5140 -3.1811 -2.2674 -1.0675 1.0230 848 -3.0437 -1.3583
## 22 Occupancy Brown Thrasher Intercept -3.4277 0.9623 -5.2997 -3.4529 -1.5567 1.0059 925 -4.8878 -1.9107
## 23 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler Intercept -5.7915 1.6251 -9.2141 -5.6925 -2.9118 1.0302 629 -8.6299 -3.3163
## 24 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk Intercept -3.7298 1.1294 -5.8219 -3.7773 -1.1904 1.0036 477 -5.4787 -1.7686
## 25 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler Intercept -2.9899 0.7912 -4.3474 -3.0606 -1.2803 1.0175 637 -4.1170 -1.5804
## 26 Occupancy Canada Goose Intercept -0.7118 1.3703 -2.6242 -0.9781 2.8594 1.0479 328 -2.3321 1.9595
## 27 Occupancy Carolina Wren Intercept 0.1433 0.4059 -0.5532 0.1170 1.0327 1.0172 1134 -0.4608 0.8786
## 28 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing Intercept -0.1525 0.3303 -0.7738 -0.1668 0.5337 1.0094 1200 -0.6659 0.3959
## 29 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler Intercept -5.8379 1.5697 -9.3620 -5.7413 -3.0339 1.0210 683 -8.5459 -3.3934
## 30 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow Intercept -0.7889 0.4604 -1.4935 -0.8463 0.3563 1.0065 1200 -1.4116 0.0532
## 31 Occupancy Chimney Swift Intercept 1.1735 0.7033 0.2084 1.0528 2.9209 1.0057 743 0.3159 2.5192
## 32 Occupancy Cliff Swallow Intercept -4.3270 1.3238 -6.9050 -4.3184 -1.6162 1.0091 534 -6.4709 -2.2634
## 33 Occupancy Common Grackle Intercept 0.3782 0.4638 -0.4308 0.3539 1.3987 1.0059 1424 -0.3112 1.1882
## 34 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk Intercept -2.3554 0.6747 -3.4389 -2.4410 -0.6215 1.0091 1084 -3.2967 -1.0931
## 35 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat Intercept -1.1664 0.2481 -1.6332 -1.1675 -0.6921 1.0096 1200 -1.5555 -0.7677
## 36 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco Intercept -2.0001 0.4388 -2.8216 -2.0218 -1.0838 1.0020 1309 -2.6929 -1.2480
## 37 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker Intercept 2.4885 0.7364 1.5419 2.3499 4.2868 1.0254 927 1.6396 3.6745
## 38 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird Intercept -0.6301 0.6177 -1.5838 -0.6968 0.7618 1.0236 959 -1.4835 0.5063
## 39 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird Intercept -3.2708 0.5131 -4.3102 -3.2560 -2.3405 1.0075 1200 -4.1229 -2.4817
## 40 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark Intercept -4.2675 0.9014 -6.0429 -4.2885 -2.5616 1.0125 1018 -5.7338 -2.8291
## 41 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe Intercept -1.3365 0.4940 -2.1418 -1.3823 -0.2197 0.9996 1200 -2.0579 -0.4501
## 42 Occupancy Eastern Towhee Intercept -1.3633 0.3171 -1.9795 -1.3733 -0.7191 1.0053 1392 -1.8711 -0.8325
## 43 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee Intercept 2.6790 0.4316 1.9619 2.6278 3.6219 1.0023 1200 2.0306 3.4415
## 44 Occupancy European Starling Intercept -2.0715 0.3652 -2.7766 -2.0797 -1.3748 1.0139 1403 -2.6555 -1.4657
## 45 Occupancy Field Sparrow Intercept -3.2115 0.4084 -4.0221 -3.2029 -2.4672 1.0153 1200 -3.8895 -2.5739
## 46 Occupancy Great Blue Heron Intercept -1.9644 0.9871 -3.4305 -2.0844 0.5928 1.0164 466 -3.2598 -0.1648
## 47 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher Intercept 2.1668 1.1977 0.7160 1.8397 5.3658 1.0393 446 0.8515 4.6424
## 48 Occupancy Great Horned Owl Intercept -4.2320 1.4847 -6.9028 -4.3288 -0.8751 1.0422 375 -6.4214 -1.7492
## 49 Occupancy Gray Catbird Intercept 0.0940 0.2271 -0.3244 0.0865 0.5830 1.0058 1200 -0.2695 0.4733
## 50 Occupancy Green Heron Intercept -4.3484 1.3112 -6.8034 -4.4094 -1.4477 1.0012 655 -6.4703 -2.1233
## 51 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker Intercept 1.0511 0.9566 -0.1954 0.8555 3.4640 1.0286 516 -0.0880 2.9360
## 52 Occupancy Herring Gull Intercept -5.0533 1.0386 -7.2435 -5.0236 -3.2127 1.0140 1069 -6.8029 -3.4610
## 53 Occupancy Hermit Thrush Intercept -4.7893 0.7420 -6.4398 -4.7193 -3.4954 1.0011 1084 -6.1808 -3.7270
## 54 Occupancy House Finch Intercept -0.4395 0.8902 -1.6495 -0.6052 1.8106 1.0204 628 -1.5024 1.1533
## 55 Occupancy House Sparrow Intercept -1.7705 0.3165 -2.3783 -1.7736 -1.1674 1.0046 1311 -2.2942 -1.2666
## 56 Occupancy Hooded Warbler Intercept -0.8936 0.2216 -1.3101 -0.8984 -0.4576 1.0076 1200 -1.2469 -0.5273
## 57 Occupancy House Wren Intercept -0.1521 0.1789 -0.4930 -0.1495 0.1892 1.0116 1200 -0.4426 0.1477
## 58 Occupancy Indigo Bunting Intercept -0.1185 0.2077 -0.5105 -0.1196 0.3230 1.0047 1318 -0.4458 0.2416
## 59 Occupancy Killdeer Intercept -2.9777 0.6070 -4.1287 -2.9659 -1.7107 1.0116 1200 -3.9554 -1.9875
## 60 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush Intercept -2.3514 0.5046 -3.2456 -2.3921 -1.2431 1.0108 1200 -3.1113 -1.4645
## 61 Occupancy Mallard Intercept -2.2053 1.1945 -3.8810 -2.4349 0.9046 1.0732 327 -3.6680 0.1575
## 62 Occupancy Mourning Dove Intercept -1.1253 0.5098 -2.0139 -1.1690 -0.0237 1.0128 1336 -1.8906 -0.2259
## 63 Occupancy Northern Cardinal Intercept 2.6612 0.4154 1.9569 2.6112 3.5935 1.0042 1301 2.0644 3.4162
## 64 Occupancy Northern Flicker Intercept 1.1312 1.1987 -0.4418 0.8662 4.4485 1.0076 489 -0.3055 3.4692
## 65 Occupancy Northern Parula Intercept -4.3980 1.1616 -6.6943 -4.4150 -1.9764 1.0175 907 -6.2715 -2.3755
## 66 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow Intercept -2.0908 0.7159 -3.3175 -2.1448 -0.4619 1.0146 1083 -3.1526 -0.7288
## 67 Occupancy Orchard Oriole Intercept -2.5441 0.5165 -3.5647 -2.5497 -1.5591 1.0069 1200 -3.4127 -1.7076
## 68 Occupancy Ovenbird Intercept -2.7411 0.3799 -3.4950 -2.7534 -1.9963 1.0017 1064 -3.3822 -2.0969
## 69 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker Intercept 1.3278 1.2478 -0.2932 1.0140 4.5003 1.0028 486 -0.0992 3.8978
## 70 Occupancy Purple Finch Intercept -4.6182 1.2931 -7.0651 -4.6342 -1.9387 1.0184 720 -6.7146 -2.5202
## 71 Occupancy Purple Martin Intercept -5.7645 1.6389 -9.2771 -5.6859 -2.7333 1.0081 602 -8.6066 -3.3179
## 72 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak Intercept -0.0306 0.6400 -0.9290 -0.1319 1.4403 1.0027 873 -0.8291 1.0408
## 73 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull Intercept -2.5974 0.6158 -3.5624 -2.6476 -1.3133 1.0347 455 -3.4718 -1.6445
## 74 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch Intercept -4.3215 1.3994 -6.8785 -4.3605 -1.1349 1.0129 532 -6.4637 -1.8609
## 75 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker Intercept 3.1006 0.6479 2.0785 3.0266 4.5694 1.0042 1200 2.2019 4.2586
## 76 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo Intercept 2.8748 0.4073 2.1383 2.8528 3.7559 1.0032 1787 2.2430 3.5901
## 77 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker Intercept -2.6122 0.9408 -4.1141 -2.7150 -0.5804 1.0135 471 -3.8820 -0.8964
## 78 Occupancy Rock Pigeon Intercept -3.6747 1.0935 -5.7871 -3.7102 -1.4484 1.0108 660 -5.4487 -1.8426
## 79 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk Intercept 0.0300 1.3537 -2.1209 -0.1729 3.1940 1.0002 345 -1.7924 2.3426
## 80 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk Intercept -0.6877 1.2705 -2.5205 -0.9232 2.6374 1.0338 302 -2.2580 1.7696
## 81 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird Intercept 2.0525 1.3900 0.0207 1.8108 5.4609 1.0240 537 0.2036 4.7782
## 82 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird Intercept -0.9361 0.2133 -1.3488 -0.9352 -0.5358 1.0001 1200 -1.2832 -0.5863
## 83 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow Intercept -5.0307 1.0235 -7.3205 -4.9593 -3.0331 1.0052 742 -6.7879 -3.4024
## 84 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager Intercept 0.8502 0.3790 0.2052 0.8272 1.6605 1.0004 1492 0.2760 1.5027
## 85 Occupancy Song Sparrow Intercept 0.2887 0.1933 -0.0885 0.2832 0.6764 1.0001 1200 -0.0293 0.6171
## 86 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow Intercept -3.6221 0.5157 -4.7225 -3.5944 -2.6902 1.0117 1200 -4.5056 -2.8003
## 87 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler Intercept -5.8243 1.6636 -9.3059 -5.7092 -2.7516 1.0055 602 -8.7199 -3.1787
## 88 Occupancy Tree Swallow Intercept -3.1204 0.5826 -4.2638 -3.1219 -1.8977 1.0001 1200 -4.0721 -2.1706
## 89 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse Intercept 3.1935 0.5845 2.3261 3.1203 4.6245 0.9999 1200 2.4271 4.2254
## 90 Occupancy Turkey Vulture Intercept -1.0948 1.0513 -2.8063 -1.2164 1.1005 1.0027 707 -2.5978 0.6554
## 91 Occupancy Veery Intercept -1.8523 0.5756 -2.8320 -1.9106 -0.5464 1.0029 1090 -2.6558 -0.8698
## 92 Occupancy Virginia Rail Intercept -5.7647 1.5659 -9.0737 -5.6851 -2.8961 1.0137 598 -8.2566 -3.3079
## 93 Occupancy Warbling Vireo Intercept -1.9453 0.2904 -2.5138 -1.9416 -1.4033 1.0027 1200 -2.4266 -1.4854
## 94 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch Intercept 2.8798 0.8356 1.7510 2.7197 4.9774 1.0048 864 1.8799 4.3641
## 95 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo Intercept -5.2500 1.0075 -7.6011 -5.1533 -3.5704 1.0095 992 -7.0540 -3.7932
## 96 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher Intercept -3.4582 0.5255 -4.5493 -3.4413 -2.5009 1.0077 1200 -4.3584 -2.6644
## 97 Occupancy Wild Turkey Intercept -1.8149 1.6397 -3.9060 -2.2459 2.6282 1.0049 206 -3.6765 1.4591
## 98 Occupancy Winter Wren Intercept -4.3014 0.9510 -6.3181 -4.2587 -2.3570 0.9997 922 -5.9249 -2.8223
## 99 Occupancy Wood Duck Intercept -3.7399 1.1144 -5.8403 -3.7944 -1.4504 1.0005 683 -5.4959 -1.8909
## 100 Occupancy Wood Thrush Intercept 0.9300 0.3428 0.3574 0.8951 1.6910 1.0018 1200 0.4280 1.5555
## 101 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo Intercept -1.6815 1.2099 -3.5389 -1.8751 1.2776 1.0222 414 -3.2934 0.5240
## 102 Occupancy Yellow Warbler Intercept -1.2739 0.2780 -1.8247 -1.2696 -0.7158 1.0239 1200 -1.7123 -0.8257
## 103 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo Intercept -1.5295 0.7001 -2.6394 -1.6010 -0.0648 1.0498 516 -2.4803 -0.3324
## 104 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler Intercept -3.0110 0.8095 -4.3727 -3.0940 -1.1220 1.0923 463 -4.1283 -1.6786
## 105 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher tol_rel -1.2670 0.2554 -1.8211 -1.2630 -0.7882 1.0136 1200 -1.7145 -0.8670
## 106 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher tol_rel 0.5414 0.5286 -0.4509 0.5323 1.6032 1.0112 1200 -0.3114 1.4298
## 107 Occupancy American Crow tol_rel 0.0961 0.2708 -0.3874 0.0920 0.6551 1.0005 1039 -0.3263 0.5278
## 108 Occupancy American Goldfinch tol_rel 0.1545 0.4167 -0.6296 0.1276 1.0502 1.0052 1200 -0.4957 0.8554
## 109 Occupancy American Kestrel tol_rel 0.1516 0.5274 -0.9475 0.1592 1.1174 1.0018 1255 -0.7433 0.9770
## 110 Occupancy American Redstart tol_rel 0.1130 0.3549 -0.5931 0.1215 0.8155 1.0029 1200 -0.4738 0.6924
## 111 Occupancy American Robin tol_rel 0.4606 0.3775 -0.1892 0.4344 1.2588 1.0069 1200 -0.0979 1.1412
## 112 Occupancy American Woodcock tol_rel 0.1691 0.4676 -0.7714 0.1614 1.0896 1.0007 1200 -0.6251 0.9405
## 113 Occupancy Barred Owl tol_rel 0.6826 0.4796 -0.2426 0.6697 1.6775 1.0246 1088 -0.0880 1.4878
## 114 Occupancy Bald Eagle tol_rel 0.2742 0.4664 -0.6259 0.2699 1.1750 1.0046 1200 -0.4722 1.0519
## 115 Occupancy Bank Swallow tol_rel 0.8884 0.5075 -0.1351 0.8876 1.9091 1.0093 1200 0.0485 1.7054
## 116 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole tol_rel 0.7995 0.3008 0.2653 0.7754 1.4526 1.0137 1200 0.3394 1.2995
## 117 Occupancy Barn Swallow tol_rel 0.4945 0.3851 -0.1749 0.4529 1.3502 1.0003 1200 -0.0786 1.1879
## 118 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee tol_rel -0.3519 0.4550 -1.1947 -0.3703 0.5938 1.0006 1200 -1.0580 0.4313
## 119 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher tol_rel 0.2732 0.4003 -0.4453 0.2591 1.1741 1.0007 1737 -0.3325 0.9333
## 120 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher tol_rel -0.4289 0.2634 -0.9594 -0.4286 0.0819 1.0036 1405 -0.8905 -0.0023
## 121 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird tol_rel 0.7477 0.3747 0.0936 0.7153 1.5608 1.0066 1200 0.2011 1.4142
## 122 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo tol_rel 0.0169 0.5552 -1.0764 0.0042 1.1518 1.0014 1200 -0.8764 0.9272
## 123 Occupancy Blue Jay tol_rel -0.3567 0.3075 -0.9244 -0.3669 0.2800 0.9993 1122 -0.8486 0.1537
## 124 Occupancy Bobolink tol_rel 0.0893 0.5880 -1.0843 0.0989 1.2114 1.0036 1200 -0.9159 1.0304
## 125 Occupancy Brown Creeper tol_rel -0.1026 0.3706 -0.8516 -0.0805 0.5804 1.0061 1200 -0.7364 0.4757
## 126 Occupancy Brown Thrasher tol_rel 1.2345 0.4631 0.4193 1.2022 2.2339 1.0138 1000 0.5369 2.0540
## 127 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler tol_rel 0.1039 0.5913 -1.0764 0.1195 1.1887 0.9997 1083 -0.8802 1.0479
## 128 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk tol_rel -0.3274 0.5293 -1.4512 -0.3258 0.6361 0.9988 1200 -1.1858 0.4952
## 129 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler tol_rel 0.6229 0.3931 -0.1336 0.6191 1.4077 1.0111 1322 0.0053 1.2972
## 130 Occupancy Canada Goose tol_rel 0.5581 0.4584 -0.3270 0.5660 1.4830 1.0163 1303 -0.1636 1.2975
## 131 Occupancy Carolina Wren tol_rel 0.6870 0.3190 0.1351 0.6652 1.3868 1.0024 965 0.2020 1.2583
## 132 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing tol_rel 0.6381 0.2763 0.1442 0.6197 1.2042 1.0035 1200 0.2200 1.1194
## 133 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler tol_rel 0.1144 0.5777 -1.0815 0.1133 1.2456 1.0035 1200 -0.8486 1.0804
## 134 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow tol_rel 0.1979 0.2780 -0.3044 0.1904 0.8004 1.0051 1047 -0.2269 0.6762
## 135 Occupancy Chimney Swift tol_rel -0.0221 0.3604 -0.6408 -0.0524 0.8215 1.0039 1087 -0.5591 0.6017
## 136 Occupancy Cliff Swallow tol_rel 0.1352 0.5003 -0.8374 0.1410 1.1167 1.0149 1200 -0.7005 0.9271
## 137 Occupancy Common Grackle tol_rel 0.5610 0.3595 -0.0856 0.5212 1.3254 1.0000 1200 0.0289 1.2129
## 138 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk tol_rel 0.4542 0.3582 -0.2098 0.4508 1.1609 1.0012 1183 -0.1260 1.0215
## 139 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat tol_rel 0.6847 0.2277 0.2617 0.6820 1.1378 1.0126 1200 0.3139 1.0551
## 140 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco tol_rel -0.5121 0.3671 -1.2833 -0.4941 0.1658 1.0010 1200 -1.1635 0.0639
## 141 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker tol_rel 0.1319 0.3389 -0.5167 0.1268 0.8379 1.0027 1200 -0.4197 0.7155
## 142 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird tol_rel 0.3175 0.3067 -0.2618 0.3064 0.9542 1.0080 1303 -0.1646 0.8147
## 143 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird tol_rel 0.7866 0.3405 0.1518 0.7902 1.4546 1.0009 1200 0.2344 1.3336
## 144 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark tol_rel 0.0178 0.5002 -0.9925 0.0353 0.9746 1.0019 1402 -0.8769 0.8457
## 145 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe tol_rel -0.4941 0.3334 -1.2009 -0.4765 0.1362 1.0029 1200 -1.0777 0.0183
## 146 Occupancy Eastern Towhee tol_rel 0.6125 0.2599 0.1179 0.6130 1.1116 1.0017 1200 0.1938 1.0457
## 147 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee tol_rel -0.9553 0.2886 -1.5293 -0.9437 -0.4296 1.0024 1200 -1.4493 -0.5185
## 148 Occupancy European Starling tol_rel 0.7028 0.2633 0.2174 0.6972 1.2500 1.0046 1309 0.2895 1.1391
## 149 Occupancy Field Sparrow tol_rel 0.6494 0.2912 0.1061 0.6488 1.2622 1.0114 1200 0.1849 1.1392
## 150 Occupancy Great Blue Heron tol_rel 0.1328 0.3839 -0.6008 0.1207 0.9384 1.0003 1200 -0.4727 0.7740
## 151 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher tol_rel -0.3814 0.4395 -1.1168 -0.4332 0.6206 1.0059 1038 -1.0154 0.3926
## 152 Occupancy Great Horned Owl tol_rel 0.1382 0.5606 -1.0407 0.1533 1.2142 1.0033 1200 -0.7900 1.0220
## 153 Occupancy Gray Catbird tol_rel 0.7737 0.2282 0.3460 0.7655 1.2504 1.0152 1200 0.4025 1.1446
## 154 Occupancy Green Heron tol_rel 0.2794 0.5395 -0.7984 0.2878 1.3336 1.0072 926 -0.5905 1.1518
## 155 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker tol_rel -0.6512 0.4107 -1.3630 -0.6836 0.2942 1.0093 1037 -1.2571 0.0669
## 156 Occupancy Herring Gull tol_rel -0.1570 0.5274 -1.2734 -0.1432 0.8262 1.0082 1200 -1.0430 0.6633
## 157 Occupancy Hermit Thrush tol_rel -0.2313 0.5304 -1.3161 -0.2013 0.7367 1.0008 1125 -1.1419 0.5714
## 158 Occupancy House Finch tol_rel 0.1867 0.3794 -0.5222 0.1835 0.9696 1.0064 1200 -0.4257 0.8583
## 159 Occupancy House Sparrow tol_rel 0.1886 0.2489 -0.2751 0.1877 0.6769 1.0006 1200 -0.2189 0.5916
## 160 Occupancy Hooded Warbler tol_rel -0.4268 0.2467 -0.9264 -0.4218 0.0352 1.0029 1200 -0.8436 -0.0441
## 161 Occupancy House Wren tol_rel 0.2119 0.1894 -0.1538 0.2111 0.5748 1.0018 1200 -0.1031 0.5201
## 162 Occupancy Indigo Bunting tol_rel 0.3765 0.2106 -0.0073 0.3668 0.8026 1.0051 1126 0.0510 0.7311
## 163 Occupancy Killdeer tol_rel 0.7528 0.3536 0.1175 0.7381 1.5137 1.0042 1200 0.2015 1.3474
## 164 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush tol_rel -0.0751 0.3531 -0.7426 -0.0709 0.6110 1.0041 1200 -0.6482 0.5010
## 165 Occupancy Mallard tol_rel 0.1938 0.4228 -0.6138 0.1756 1.0424 1.0005 1008 -0.4873 0.8779
## 166 Occupancy Mourning Dove tol_rel 0.9647 0.3389 0.3349 0.9414 1.6842 1.0026 1081 0.4347 1.5198
## 167 Occupancy Northern Cardinal tol_rel 0.4414 0.3516 -0.2417 0.4312 1.1762 1.0061 1200 -0.1279 1.0347
## 168 Occupancy Northern Flicker tol_rel 0.2780 0.4838 -0.6390 0.2508 1.3194 1.0088 1200 -0.4667 1.1075
## 169 Occupancy Northern Parula tol_rel -0.2899 0.5337 -1.3744 -0.2888 0.7395 1.0098 1200 -1.2023 0.5626
## 170 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow tol_rel 0.5697 0.3802 -0.0956 0.5517 1.4002 1.0014 1200 0.0031 1.2491
## 171 Occupancy Orchard Oriole tol_rel 0.9950 0.3273 0.4139 0.9761 1.6756 1.0082 1200 0.4956 1.5615
## 172 Occupancy Ovenbird tol_rel -0.1736 0.3451 -0.8392 -0.1761 0.4643 1.0015 1327 -0.7380 0.3719
## 173 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker tol_rel -0.2246 0.4444 -1.0145 -0.2492 0.7505 1.0108 1200 -0.8767 0.5647
## 174 Occupancy Purple Finch tol_rel 0.5913 0.5095 -0.3599 0.5913 1.6102 1.0079 1200 -0.2166 1.4008
## 175 Occupancy Purple Martin tol_rel 0.1103 0.5899 -1.0359 0.1084 1.3139 1.0177 657 -0.8463 1.0976
## 176 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak tol_rel 0.1737 0.3002 -0.3701 0.1577 0.8031 1.0020 1312 -0.2872 0.6804
## 177 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull tol_rel 0.2630 0.3367 -0.3649 0.2614 0.9057 1.0024 1425 -0.2993 0.8267
## 178 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch tol_rel 0.1318 0.5268 -0.9594 0.1235 1.1438 1.0010 1200 -0.7384 0.9946
## 179 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker tol_rel -0.6218 0.3870 -1.3384 -0.6376 0.2258 1.0047 1330 -1.2337 0.0583
## 180 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo tol_rel -1.0215 0.2796 -1.5891 -1.0223 -0.4775 1.0138 1200 -1.4693 -0.5763
## 181 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker tol_rel -0.3260 0.4512 -1.2448 -0.3179 0.5301 1.0006 1200 -1.0926 0.3589
## 182 Occupancy Rock Pigeon tol_rel -0.0222 0.5085 -0.9591 -0.0201 1.0303 1.0006 1219 -0.8223 0.8074
## 183 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk tol_rel -0.0181 0.5290 -1.0253 -0.0472 1.0933 1.0107 1299 -0.8535 0.9228
## 184 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk tol_rel 0.3683 0.4100 -0.3798 0.3504 1.2605 1.0035 1200 -0.2622 1.0576
## 185 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird tol_rel 0.2975 0.5197 -0.6989 0.2817 1.3295 1.0009 910 -0.5450 1.1259
## 186 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird tol_rel 0.7366 0.2176 0.3237 0.7371 1.1623 1.0031 1200 0.3927 1.0956
## 187 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow tol_rel 0.1466 0.5268 -0.8281 0.1406 1.1530 1.0059 1200 -0.6988 1.0162
## 188 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager tol_rel -1.0621 0.2875 -1.6177 -1.0583 -0.5001 1.0144 1200 -1.5407 -0.5923
## 189 Occupancy Song Sparrow tol_rel 0.7664 0.2267 0.3510 0.7470 1.2424 1.0181 1200 0.4152 1.1563
## 190 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow tol_rel 0.3745 0.3479 -0.3294 0.3761 1.0958 1.0015 1200 -0.1990 0.9525
## 191 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler tol_rel 0.1052 0.6137 -1.0864 0.1125 1.3293 1.0030 1468 -0.8847 1.1023
## 192 Occupancy Tree Swallow tol_rel 0.8699 0.3310 0.2338 0.8647 1.5067 1.0002 1200 0.3262 1.4360
## 193 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse tol_rel -0.5437 0.3649 -1.2491 -0.5455 0.1863 1.0014 1345 -1.1205 0.0496
## 194 Occupancy Turkey Vulture tol_rel 0.7207 0.4782 -0.1060 0.7016 1.7600 1.0039 1161 -0.0152 1.5705
## 195 Occupancy Veery tol_rel 0.0346 0.3387 -0.6287 0.0420 0.6657 1.0028 1010 -0.5252 0.5681
## 196 Occupancy Virginia Rail tol_rel 0.1173 0.5640 -0.9531 0.1032 1.2074 1.0027 1200 -0.7741 1.0661
## 197 Occupancy Warbling Vireo tol_rel 0.6796 0.2483 0.1965 0.6797 1.1796 1.0096 1200 0.2842 1.0820
## 198 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch tol_rel -0.4994 0.4206 -1.2539 -0.5215 0.3981 0.9993 922 -1.1468 0.2135
## 199 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo tol_rel -0.1036 0.5513 -1.1959 -0.0918 0.9190 0.9993 1200 -1.0177 0.7958
## 200 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher tol_rel 1.1755 0.3431 0.5352 1.1844 1.8488 1.0041 1258 0.6153 1.7406
## 201 Occupancy Wild Turkey tol_rel -0.4356 0.5231 -1.4361 -0.4276 0.5772 1.0000 1009 -1.2827 0.4037
## 202 Occupancy Winter Wren tol_rel -0.3672 0.5249 -1.3946 -0.3597 0.6823 1.0010 1200 -1.2837 0.4841
## 203 Occupancy Wood Duck tol_rel 0.4306 0.4888 -0.5067 0.4160 1.4379 1.0053 1200 -0.3246 1.2313
## 204 Occupancy Wood Thrush tol_rel -0.4867 0.2349 -0.9682 -0.4843 -0.0378 1.0010 1303 -0.8794 -0.1037
## 205 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo tol_rel 0.0335 0.4326 -0.7772 0.0392 0.8762 1.0040 1419 -0.6495 0.7351
## 206 Occupancy Yellow Warbler tol_rel 1.0415 0.2664 0.5592 1.0343 1.5889 1.0087 1200 0.6218 1.5096
## 207 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo tol_rel -0.5708 0.3969 -1.3641 -0.5458 0.1663 1.0091 1200 -1.2684 0.0614
## 208 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler tol_rel -0.0377 0.4213 -0.9002 -0.0232 0.7962 1.0078 1311 -0.7313 0.6493
## 209 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher svp 0.7480 0.2548 0.2699 0.7420 1.2939 1.0117 1200 0.3332 1.1939
## 210 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher svp 0.0024 0.3983 -0.8050 0.0017 0.7897 1.0034 1200 -0.6513 0.6538
## 211 Occupancy American Crow svp 0.0301 0.2371 -0.3992 0.0183 0.5281 1.0025 1200 -0.3335 0.4307
## 212 Occupancy American Goldfinch svp 0.0868 0.3255 -0.5172 0.0831 0.7418 1.0028 1200 -0.4395 0.6499
## 213 Occupancy American Kestrel svp -0.1772 0.3951 -0.9626 -0.1758 0.5936 1.0079 1094 -0.8485 0.4630
## 214 Occupancy American Redstart svp -0.1066 0.3057 -0.7668 -0.0946 0.4697 1.0042 990 -0.6115 0.3587
## 215 Occupancy American Robin svp -0.4572 0.2388 -0.9239 -0.4524 -0.0352 1.0086 1200 -0.8490 -0.0957
## 216 Occupancy American Woodcock svp -0.1056 0.3857 -0.9092 -0.1052 0.6399 1.0020 1200 -0.7557 0.5217
## 217 Occupancy Barred Owl svp 0.1185 0.3816 -0.6230 0.1321 0.8959 1.0019 1200 -0.5222 0.7525
## 218 Occupancy Bald Eagle svp -0.2531 0.3934 -1.0899 -0.2417 0.4770 1.0143 1200 -0.9609 0.3410
## 219 Occupancy Bank Swallow svp -0.0317 0.3878 -0.7831 -0.0421 0.7397 1.0087 1200 -0.6638 0.6187
## 220 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole svp -0.5242 0.2534 -1.0560 -0.5223 -0.0719 1.0039 1200 -0.9505 -0.1286
## 221 Occupancy Barn Swallow svp -0.1890 0.3392 -0.8124 -0.2010 0.4652 1.0032 1200 -0.7300 0.3646
## 222 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee svp 0.1418 0.3910 -0.6268 0.1375 0.9551 0.9999 1103 -0.4781 0.8061
## 223 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher svp -0.2603 0.3281 -0.9056 -0.2545 0.3618 1.0003 1200 -0.8240 0.2571
## 224 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher svp 0.2565 0.3121 -0.3196 0.2353 0.9125 1.0082 1200 -0.2332 0.8039
## 225 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird svp 0.1072 0.2758 -0.3723 0.0979 0.7133 1.0025 1200 -0.3227 0.5788
## 226 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo svp -0.0038 0.3814 -0.7451 -0.0092 0.7445 1.0010 1200 -0.6370 0.6343
## 227 Occupancy Blue Jay svp -0.1111 0.2615 -0.6382 -0.1080 0.4051 1.0009 1200 -0.5372 0.3137
## 228 Occupancy Bobolink svp -0.0591 0.4372 -0.9794 -0.0585 0.7910 1.0198 1200 -0.7415 0.6478
## 229 Occupancy Brown Creeper svp 0.6037 0.2755 0.0703 0.5956 1.1460 1.0066 1200 0.1622 1.0400
## 230 Occupancy Brown Thrasher svp -0.1698 0.3838 -0.9380 -0.1739 0.6423 1.0317 1160 -0.8013 0.4737
## 231 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler svp -0.0824 0.4104 -0.9031 -0.0744 0.7134 0.9991 1089 -0.7612 0.5747
## 232 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk svp 0.2436 0.3581 -0.4322 0.2351 0.9526 1.0107 1200 -0.3490 0.8392
## 233 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler svp -0.0377 0.3326 -0.6882 -0.0358 0.5867 0.9991 1424 -0.5659 0.5100
## 234 Occupancy Canada Goose svp -0.2379 0.3608 -0.9610 -0.2344 0.4926 1.0042 1200 -0.8388 0.3808
## 235 Occupancy Carolina Wren svp 0.2682 0.2416 -0.2000 0.2655 0.7537 1.0025 2477 -0.1272 0.6755
## 236 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing svp -0.3019 0.2589 -0.8431 -0.2857 0.1778 1.0156 1200 -0.7383 0.0971
## 237 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler svp -0.0532 0.4080 -0.8574 -0.0448 0.7653 1.0043 1200 -0.7142 0.6129
## 238 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow svp 0.0733 0.2570 -0.4197 0.0608 0.5937 1.0053 952 -0.3363 0.5203
## 239 Occupancy Chimney Swift svp -0.2491 0.2794 -0.8055 -0.2525 0.3199 1.0237 967 -0.6940 0.2272
## 240 Occupancy Cliff Swallow svp -0.1635 0.3983 -0.9580 -0.1491 0.6128 1.0030 1200 -0.8070 0.4694
## 241 Occupancy Common Grackle svp -0.2012 0.2671 -0.7203 -0.1934 0.3329 1.0077 1200 -0.6434 0.2265
## 242 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk svp 0.0846 0.3256 -0.5962 0.0890 0.6809 1.0013 1200 -0.4585 0.5802
## 243 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat svp 0.0584 0.2172 -0.3616 0.0587 0.4812 1.0048 963 -0.3063 0.4075
## 244 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco svp 0.6843 0.2815 0.1666 0.6701 1.2609 1.0139 1207 0.2349 1.1886
## 245 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker svp 0.1239 0.3316 -0.4944 0.1026 0.8191 1.0047 1200 -0.3928 0.7245
## 246 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird svp 0.3416 0.2792 -0.2007 0.3426 0.8929 1.0038 1200 -0.0984 0.7962
## 247 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird svp 0.0390 0.3186 -0.5748 0.0440 0.6865 1.0101 1200 -0.4754 0.5454
## 248 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark svp -0.1465 0.3758 -0.9090 -0.1412 0.5959 1.0052 1392 -0.7628 0.4671
## 249 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe svp -0.0485 0.2647 -0.5750 -0.0496 0.4823 1.0007 1200 -0.4790 0.3741
## 250 Occupancy Eastern Towhee svp -0.1521 0.2428 -0.6290 -0.1492 0.3256 1.0086 1304 -0.5514 0.2433
## 251 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee svp 0.0213 0.3122 -0.5726 0.0060 0.6522 0.9996 1200 -0.4822 0.5498
## 252 Occupancy European Starling svp -0.5856 0.3034 -1.2370 -0.5755 -0.0308 1.0007 1200 -1.1202 -0.1055
## 253 Occupancy Field Sparrow svp -0.2141 0.2993 -0.8215 -0.2105 0.3758 1.0064 964 -0.7014 0.2797
## 254 Occupancy Great Blue Heron svp -0.0801 0.3207 -0.6899 -0.0766 0.5439 1.0092 1200 -0.5967 0.4601
## 255 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher svp 0.0829 0.3522 -0.6077 0.0802 0.8046 1.0017 1200 -0.4778 0.6784
## 256 Occupancy Great Horned Owl svp -0.0898 0.3929 -0.8622 -0.1007 0.6867 1.0165 1200 -0.7379 0.5539
## 257 Occupancy Gray Catbird svp -0.4241 0.2120 -0.8403 -0.4161 -0.0346 1.0064 1200 -0.7641 -0.0937
## 258 Occupancy Green Heron svp -0.0993 0.3940 -0.8597 -0.0954 0.6519 0.9994 1200 -0.7563 0.5158
## 259 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker svp 0.0317 0.3620 -0.6378 0.0106 0.7722 1.0042 1200 -0.5221 0.6423
## 260 Occupancy Herring Gull svp -0.1858 0.3852 -0.9646 -0.1832 0.5649 1.0024 863 -0.8311 0.4366
## 261 Occupancy Hermit Thrush svp 0.3009 0.3628 -0.3848 0.2906 1.0253 1.0051 1200 -0.2823 0.8986
## 262 Occupancy House Finch svp -0.6101 0.3374 -1.2973 -0.6018 0.0220 1.0069 1200 -1.1541 -0.0702
## 263 Occupancy House Sparrow svp -0.8296 0.3148 -1.4863 -0.8249 -0.2455 1.0090 1200 -1.3587 -0.3228
## 264 Occupancy Hooded Warbler svp 0.4001 0.2187 -0.0147 0.3948 0.8393 1.0004 1200 0.0577 0.7687
## 265 Occupancy House Wren svp -0.3120 0.1978 -0.7035 -0.3069 0.0579 1.0048 1200 -0.6583 0.0074
## 266 Occupancy Indigo Bunting svp -0.1614 0.2039 -0.5838 -0.1597 0.2174 1.0026 1200 -0.5034 0.1798
## 267 Occupancy Killdeer svp -0.3518 0.3349 -1.0142 -0.3540 0.2790 1.0162 1200 -0.9134 0.1811
## 268 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush svp 0.0085 0.2830 -0.5282 0.0076 0.5488 1.0148 1200 -0.4551 0.4704
## 269 Occupancy Mallard svp -0.3376 0.3708 -1.0700 -0.3294 0.3907 1.0003 1200 -0.9417 0.2355
## 270 Occupancy Mourning Dove svp -0.0720 0.2742 -0.6151 -0.0717 0.4661 1.0064 1200 -0.5283 0.3929
## 271 Occupancy Northern Cardinal svp 0.0374 0.2863 -0.5173 0.0405 0.6332 1.0160 1776 -0.4195 0.5093
## 272 Occupancy Northern Flicker svp -0.1613 0.3181 -0.7417 -0.1839 0.5020 1.0208 1200 -0.6563 0.3918
## 273 Occupancy Northern Parula svp -0.1981 0.4012 -1.0021 -0.1644 0.5459 0.9998 1210 -0.8716 0.4141
## 274 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow svp -0.2405 0.3403 -0.9180 -0.2298 0.4002 1.0013 1200 -0.7962 0.2954
## 275 Occupancy Orchard Oriole svp -0.1568 0.3199 -0.8034 -0.1564 0.4665 1.0063 1084 -0.6892 0.3620
## 276 Occupancy Ovenbird svp 0.1195 0.2790 -0.4598 0.1264 0.6329 1.0003 1200 -0.3401 0.5547
## 277 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker svp 0.2084 0.3568 -0.4807 0.2130 0.9351 1.0034 1200 -0.3676 0.8167
## 278 Occupancy Purple Finch svp 0.0263 0.3898 -0.7469 0.0251 0.7622 1.0013 1200 -0.6265 0.6535
## 279 Occupancy Purple Martin svp -0.0476 0.4184 -0.8758 -0.0422 0.7565 1.0028 1200 -0.7446 0.6165
## 280 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak svp -0.3316 0.2925 -0.9331 -0.3234 0.2109 1.0099 1200 -0.8014 0.1180
## 281 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull svp -0.0612 0.3226 -0.7103 -0.0537 0.5786 1.0024 1056 -0.5867 0.4406
## 282 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch svp -0.0900 0.3989 -0.8639 -0.0725 0.6679 0.9996 1200 -0.7773 0.5727
## 283 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker svp 0.0681 0.3233 -0.5659 0.0673 0.6946 1.0029 1200 -0.4665 0.6057
## 284 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo svp 0.2669 0.3290 -0.3311 0.2482 0.9808 1.0066 1200 -0.2509 0.8381
## 285 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker svp -0.4592 0.3695 -1.2189 -0.4314 0.2096 1.0202 1200 -1.0943 0.1110
## 286 Occupancy Rock Pigeon svp -0.2695 0.4012 -1.0841 -0.2532 0.4526 1.0056 1095 -0.9673 0.3675
## 287 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk svp -0.2639 0.3615 -0.9671 -0.2525 0.4540 1.0020 1200 -0.8482 0.3312
## 288 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk svp -0.1989 0.3478 -0.8806 -0.1872 0.4860 1.0037 1125 -0.7684 0.3800
## 289 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird svp 0.0022 0.3620 -0.7341 -0.0008 0.7543 1.0087 1103 -0.5870 0.6157
## 290 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird svp -0.2647 0.2325 -0.7343 -0.2576 0.1791 1.0005 1200 -0.6570 0.1101
## 291 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow svp -0.1782 0.3998 -0.9546 -0.1632 0.5943 1.0006 1200 -0.8260 0.4552
## 292 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager svp 0.3601 0.2860 -0.1814 0.3514 0.9615 1.0004 1200 -0.0893 0.8657
## 293 Occupancy Song Sparrow svp -0.1791 0.1827 -0.5312 -0.1816 0.1672 1.0088 1200 -0.4769 0.1108
## 294 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow svp -0.1393 0.3267 -0.8031 -0.1387 0.4733 1.0078 1200 -0.7040 0.3924
## 295 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler svp -0.0639 0.4119 -0.8645 -0.0796 0.7442 1.0075 1551 -0.7123 0.6249
## 296 Occupancy Tree Swallow svp -0.0956 0.3324 -0.7681 -0.0983 0.5574 1.0181 1200 -0.6419 0.4326
## 297 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse svp 0.1721 0.3303 -0.4547 0.1719 0.8265 1.0137 1200 -0.3572 0.7156
## 298 Occupancy Turkey Vulture svp -0.4063 0.3767 -1.1664 -0.4006 0.3523 1.0140 1271 -1.0285 0.1919
## 299 Occupancy Veery svp 0.2288 0.2703 -0.2766 0.2153 0.8044 1.0056 1200 -0.1871 0.6946
## 300 Occupancy Virginia Rail svp -0.0712 0.4108 -0.8426 -0.0701 0.7098 1.0029 1200 -0.7251 0.6211
## 301 Occupancy Warbling Vireo svp -0.4477 0.2734 -0.9787 -0.4449 0.0770 1.0033 1200 -0.9027 -0.0128
## 302 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch svp 0.1087 0.3552 -0.5802 0.1159 0.8125 1.0059 1200 -0.4518 0.6819
## 303 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo svp -0.1477 0.3917 -0.9407 -0.1427 0.6028 1.0033 1200 -0.8101 0.4894
## 304 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher svp -0.0779 0.3299 -0.7590 -0.0633 0.5488 1.0012 1200 -0.6631 0.4366
## 305 Occupancy Wild Turkey svp -0.0709 0.3471 -0.7590 -0.0637 0.6255 1.0013 1200 -0.6422 0.5148
## 306 Occupancy Winter Wren svp 0.3528 0.3665 -0.3862 0.3651 1.0928 1.0000 1037 -0.2526 0.9286
## 307 Occupancy Wood Duck svp -0.1889 0.3873 -0.9891 -0.1763 0.5294 1.0034 1200 -0.8553 0.4485
## 308 Occupancy Wood Thrush svp 0.1635 0.2788 -0.3450 0.1457 0.7514 1.0245 1200 -0.2735 0.6265
## 309 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo svp 0.3737 0.3395 -0.2797 0.3611 1.0492 1.0051 1200 -0.1799 0.9399
## 310 Occupancy Yellow Warbler svp -0.3269 0.2428 -0.7995 -0.3282 0.1476 1.0206 1200 -0.7158 0.0725
## 311 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo svp 0.3317 0.2876 -0.2200 0.3124 0.8998 1.0114 1200 -0.1431 0.8138
## 312 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler svp -0.0855 0.3450 -0.7775 -0.0776 0.5515 1.0187 1200 -0.6878 0.4730
## 313 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher dicot 0.3787 0.2011 -0.0029 0.3729 0.8148 1.0096 1308 0.0626 0.7072
## 314 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher dicot 0.1628 0.2659 -0.3856 0.1752 0.6784 1.0019 1185 -0.2959 0.5845
## 315 Occupancy American Crow dicot 0.1766 0.2030 -0.2236 0.1817 0.5671 1.0047 1200 -0.1610 0.4902
## 316 Occupancy American Goldfinch dicot 0.2214 0.2571 -0.2821 0.2225 0.7143 1.0011 1200 -0.2060 0.6543
## 317 Occupancy American Kestrel dicot 0.2625 0.2635 -0.2203 0.2596 0.7997 1.0065 1310 -0.1511 0.6882
## 318 Occupancy American Redstart dicot 0.2381 0.2379 -0.2422 0.2365 0.7044 0.9994 1194 -0.1615 0.6236
## 319 Occupancy American Robin dicot 0.0464 0.2323 -0.4153 0.0434 0.5102 1.0103 1200 -0.3429 0.4294
## 320 Occupancy American Woodcock dicot 0.1721 0.2632 -0.3607 0.1817 0.6703 1.0030 1200 -0.2803 0.5943
## 321 Occupancy Barred Owl dicot 0.1349 0.2649 -0.3745 0.1427 0.6377 1.0003 1200 -0.3188 0.5729
## 322 Occupancy Bald Eagle dicot 0.1890 0.2725 -0.3538 0.1969 0.7126 1.0086 1200 -0.2532 0.6219
## 323 Occupancy Bank Swallow dicot 0.1812 0.2629 -0.3458 0.1818 0.6898 1.0054 1200 -0.2498 0.5738
## 324 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole dicot 0.4607 0.2226 0.0516 0.4492 0.9319 1.0007 1200 0.1069 0.8371
## 325 Occupancy Barn Swallow dicot 0.5202 0.2356 0.0748 0.5117 0.9866 1.0159 1200 0.1363 0.9178
## 326 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee dicot 0.2552 0.2668 -0.2605 0.2603 0.7982 1.0187 1200 -0.1797 0.6935
## 327 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher dicot 0.3072 0.2583 -0.1776 0.3008 0.8440 1.0032 1200 -0.0931 0.7517
## 328 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher dicot 0.3756 0.2358 -0.0466 0.3642 0.8863 1.0046 1200 0.0085 0.8049
## 329 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird dicot 0.4658 0.2594 -0.0182 0.4532 1.0324 1.0060 1100 0.0689 0.9204
## 330 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo dicot 0.2574 0.2660 -0.2705 0.2588 0.8090 1.0169 884 -0.1690 0.6967
## 331 Occupancy Blue Jay dicot -0.0202 0.2508 -0.5376 -0.0202 0.4599 1.0213 1200 -0.4481 0.3836
## 332 Occupancy Bobolink dicot 0.2452 0.2895 -0.3152 0.2376 0.8147 1.0021 1200 -0.2215 0.7305
## 333 Occupancy Brown Creeper dicot 0.3606 0.2292 -0.0763 0.3468 0.8229 1.0025 1200 -0.0043 0.7534
## 334 Occupancy Brown Thrasher dicot 0.2305 0.2627 -0.2995 0.2276 0.7469 1.0063 1200 -0.2135 0.6480
## 335 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler dicot 0.2344 0.2760 -0.3205 0.2337 0.7975 1.0018 1200 -0.2136 0.6961
## 336 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk dicot 0.2649 0.2608 -0.2699 0.2661 0.7702 1.0039 1200 -0.1511 0.6805
## 337 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler dicot 0.2456 0.2390 -0.2107 0.2443 0.7507 1.0037 1200 -0.1328 0.6452
## 338 Occupancy Canada Goose dicot 0.2451 0.2575 -0.2810 0.2430 0.7624 1.0114 1084 -0.1759 0.6632
## 339 Occupancy Carolina Wren dicot 0.2032 0.2265 -0.2451 0.2012 0.6566 1.0018 1200 -0.1587 0.5622
## 340 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing dicot 0.2074 0.2038 -0.1759 0.2068 0.6129 1.0297 1200 -0.1149 0.5542
## 341 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler dicot 0.2390 0.2728 -0.2972 0.2413 0.7895 1.0083 1200 -0.2063 0.6899
## 342 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow dicot 0.2250 0.2190 -0.1682 0.2258 0.6310 1.0225 1200 -0.1280 0.5730
## 343 Occupancy Chimney Swift dicot 0.2539 0.2296 -0.1882 0.2452 0.6912 1.0031 1200 -0.1036 0.6215
## 344 Occupancy Cliff Swallow dicot 0.1757 0.2592 -0.3524 0.1847 0.6733 1.0007 1200 -0.2550 0.5860
## 345 Occupancy Common Grackle dicot 0.0275 0.2375 -0.4561 0.0380 0.4629 1.0054 1200 -0.3804 0.4034
## 346 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk dicot 0.0707 0.2435 -0.4176 0.0749 0.5374 1.0010 1329 -0.3263 0.4606
## 347 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat dicot 0.4056 0.1949 0.0485 0.4010 0.8130 1.0003 1200 0.0921 0.7200
## 348 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco dicot 0.0609 0.2290 -0.3990 0.0688 0.4957 1.0046 1240 -0.3197 0.4090
## 349 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker dicot 0.2670 0.2546 -0.2329 0.2694 0.7943 1.0061 1200 -0.1500 0.6832
## 350 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird dicot 0.1786 0.2477 -0.3025 0.1829 0.6562 1.0076 1089 -0.2294 0.5711
## 351 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird dicot 0.4184 0.2348 -0.0174 0.4064 0.8911 1.0035 1200 0.0441 0.8213
## 352 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark dicot 0.4170 0.2558 -0.0379 0.4028 0.9573 1.0010 1200 0.0298 0.8558
## 353 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe dicot 0.2776 0.2234 -0.1423 0.2748 0.7314 1.0000 1200 -0.0821 0.6408
## 354 Occupancy Eastern Towhee dicot 0.5091 0.2092 0.1214 0.5016 0.9290 1.0345 1200 0.1718 0.8680
## 355 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee dicot 0.3527 0.2378 -0.0957 0.3455 0.8381 1.0050 1200 -0.0270 0.7386
## 356 Occupancy European Starling dicot 0.2244 0.2246 -0.2142 0.2280 0.6584 1.0086 1278 -0.1447 0.5972
## 357 Occupancy Field Sparrow dicot 0.2233 0.2255 -0.2251 0.2195 0.6539 1.0052 1200 -0.1405 0.5938
## 358 Occupancy Great Blue Heron dicot 0.0715 0.2486 -0.4408 0.0755 0.5261 1.0007 1200 -0.3544 0.4685
## 359 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher dicot 0.2278 0.2563 -0.2812 0.2239 0.7553 1.0013 1200 -0.1727 0.6577
## 360 Occupancy Great Horned Owl dicot 0.2884 0.2618 -0.2434 0.2761 0.8188 1.0243 1200 -0.1471 0.7455
## 361 Occupancy Gray Catbird dicot 0.2751 0.1854 -0.0950 0.2768 0.6439 1.0016 1200 -0.0243 0.5850
## 362 Occupancy Green Heron dicot 0.2441 0.2648 -0.2805 0.2499 0.7609 1.0012 1200 -0.1879 0.6658
## 363 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker dicot 0.3135 0.2699 -0.2180 0.3069 0.8615 1.0134 1200 -0.1105 0.7667
## 364 Occupancy Herring Gull dicot 0.2664 0.2699 -0.2714 0.2657 0.7981 1.0143 1200 -0.1682 0.7207
## 365 Occupancy Hermit Thrush dicot 0.2767 0.2526 -0.2237 0.2670 0.7564 1.0006 1200 -0.1249 0.6881
## 366 Occupancy House Finch dicot 0.0575 0.2517 -0.4521 0.0645 0.5242 1.0184 1200 -0.3506 0.4409
## 367 Occupancy House Sparrow dicot 0.0181 0.2212 -0.4373 0.0309 0.4194 1.0122 1094 -0.3536 0.3393
## 368 Occupancy Hooded Warbler dicot 0.6466 0.2288 0.2441 0.6274 1.1206 1.0002 1090 0.3038 1.0331
## 369 Occupancy House Wren dicot 0.0793 0.1771 -0.2895 0.0825 0.4042 1.0071 1200 -0.2164 0.3600
## 370 Occupancy Indigo Bunting dicot 0.3689 0.1909 0.0195 0.3568 0.7637 1.0093 1244 0.0631 0.6901
## 371 Occupancy Killdeer dicot 0.2869 0.2397 -0.1967 0.2882 0.7670 1.0029 1200 -0.1081 0.6986
## 372 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush dicot 0.4024 0.2339 -0.0454 0.3914 0.8804 1.0040 1617 0.0262 0.7922
## 373 Occupancy Mallard dicot 0.2246 0.2529 -0.2779 0.2219 0.7303 1.0239 1200 -0.2080 0.6344
## 374 Occupancy Mourning Dove dicot 0.2739 0.2246 -0.1554 0.2715 0.7160 1.0125 1200 -0.0669 0.6387
## 375 Occupancy Northern Cardinal dicot 0.2114 0.2428 -0.2551 0.2232 0.6782 1.0009 1200 -0.1818 0.6018
## 376 Occupancy Northern Flicker dicot 0.2540 0.2434 -0.2208 0.2434 0.7494 1.0173 1200 -0.1412 0.6561
## 377 Occupancy Northern Parula dicot 0.1634 0.2718 -0.4042 0.1728 0.6955 1.0006 1097 -0.2943 0.5996
## 378 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow dicot 0.3713 0.2457 -0.0937 0.3724 0.8698 1.0095 1200 -0.0284 0.7875
## 379 Occupancy Orchard Oriole dicot 0.1159 0.2379 -0.3783 0.1320 0.5383 1.0009 1200 -0.2816 0.4816
## 380 Occupancy Ovenbird dicot 0.2432 0.2176 -0.1739 0.2396 0.6954 1.0028 1200 -0.1181 0.6090
## 381 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker dicot 0.3275 0.2561 -0.1607 0.3262 0.8490 1.0006 1011 -0.0907 0.7487
## 382 Occupancy Purple Finch dicot 0.2484 0.2588 -0.2777 0.2491 0.7439 1.0161 1200 -0.1670 0.6583
## 383 Occupancy Purple Martin dicot 0.2436 0.2709 -0.2831 0.2406 0.7789 1.0050 1200 -0.2017 0.6728
## 384 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak dicot 0.1112 0.2407 -0.3742 0.1193 0.5656 1.0039 1320 -0.2780 0.4885
## 385 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull dicot 0.1265 0.2355 -0.3531 0.1313 0.5677 1.0030 1200 -0.2776 0.5051
## 386 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch dicot 0.2550 0.2709 -0.3029 0.2596 0.7769 1.0008 1200 -0.1908 0.6978
## 387 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker dicot 0.3814 0.2517 -0.1089 0.3733 0.8915 1.0016 1200 -0.0108 0.8186
## 388 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo dicot 0.4146 0.2382 -0.0364 0.3984 0.9473 1.0071 1200 0.0418 0.8307
## 389 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker dicot 0.1609 0.2455 -0.3636 0.1642 0.6467 1.0002 1200 -0.2489 0.5478
## 390 Occupancy Rock Pigeon dicot 0.1738 0.2546 -0.3491 0.1748 0.6600 1.0086 1200 -0.2640 0.5844
## 391 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk dicot 0.2361 0.2579 -0.2825 0.2376 0.7292 1.0090 1200 -0.1696 0.6597
## 392 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk dicot -0.0576 0.2737 -0.6410 -0.0391 0.4579 1.0377 1054 -0.5247 0.3581
## 393 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird dicot 0.3554 0.2922 -0.2330 0.3514 0.9566 1.0029 1096 -0.1164 0.8619
## 394 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird dicot 0.0752 0.1873 -0.2810 0.0729 0.4477 1.0007 1109 -0.2330 0.3908
## 395 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow dicot 0.2417 0.2622 -0.2784 0.2490 0.7534 1.0093 1496 -0.1935 0.6723
## 396 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager dicot 0.3015 0.2383 -0.1430 0.2930 0.7897 0.9996 1046 -0.0706 0.7087
## 397 Occupancy Song Sparrow dicot 0.1866 0.1799 -0.1544 0.1864 0.5571 1.0170 1200 -0.1071 0.4762
## 398 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow dicot 0.1547 0.2412 -0.3454 0.1649 0.6169 1.0031 1200 -0.2611 0.5352
## 399 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler dicot 0.2340 0.2691 -0.3087 0.2305 0.7452 0.9991 1200 -0.2001 0.6544
## 400 Occupancy Tree Swallow dicot 0.2025 0.2450 -0.3065 0.2109 0.6683 1.0098 1200 -0.2011 0.5846
## 401 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse dicot 0.2844 0.2413 -0.1685 0.2788 0.7870 1.0068 973 -0.1099 0.6858
## 402 Occupancy Turkey Vulture dicot 0.2144 0.2556 -0.2740 0.2118 0.7192 1.0013 1200 -0.2055 0.6327
## 403 Occupancy Veery dicot 0.3327 0.2254 -0.1005 0.3344 0.7945 1.0098 1078 -0.0340 0.6877
## 404 Occupancy Virginia Rail dicot 0.2352 0.2733 -0.3214 0.2402 0.7897 1.0062 1200 -0.2367 0.6851
## 405 Occupancy Warbling Vireo dicot 0.3303 0.2058 -0.0548 0.3277 0.7301 1.0056 1200 -0.0003 0.6592
## 406 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch dicot 0.3405 0.2516 -0.1496 0.3307 0.8615 1.0008 1200 -0.0466 0.7766
## 407 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo dicot 0.3063 0.2593 -0.2061 0.3002 0.8267 1.0142 1200 -0.1204 0.7369
## 408 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher dicot 0.1644 0.2373 -0.3045 0.1726 0.6091 1.0033 1322 -0.2248 0.5402
## 409 Occupancy Wild Turkey dicot 0.1945 0.2607 -0.3094 0.1972 0.7378 0.9999 889 -0.2352 0.6221
## 410 Occupancy Winter Wren dicot 0.2290 0.2463 -0.2534 0.2360 0.7076 1.0005 1200 -0.1868 0.6240
## 411 Occupancy Wood Duck dicot 0.2643 0.2576 -0.2570 0.2511 0.7788 0.9996 1200 -0.1540 0.7002
## 412 Occupancy Wood Thrush dicot 0.3277 0.2178 -0.0890 0.3224 0.7861 1.0043 1043 -0.0274 0.6983
## 413 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo dicot 0.2763 0.2595 -0.2121 0.2756 0.8054 1.0044 1200 -0.1558 0.6948
## 414 Occupancy Yellow Warbler dicot 0.1805 0.1974 -0.2029 0.1825 0.5771 1.0021 927 -0.1286 0.5142
## 415 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo dicot 0.2242 0.2465 -0.2795 0.2261 0.7290 1.0050 1200 -0.1749 0.6239
## 416 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler dicot 0.4259 0.2529 -0.0371 0.4117 0.9493 1.0158 1200 0.0333 0.8681
## 417 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher cyper 0.0725 0.1911 -0.2847 0.0692 0.4625 1.0010 1589 -0.2265 0.4039
## 418 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher cyper 0.0391 0.3139 -0.5553 0.0254 0.6566 1.0056 1568 -0.4649 0.5607
## 419 Occupancy American Crow cyper 0.0920 0.2100 -0.3169 0.0935 0.5155 1.0017 1445 -0.2502 0.4414
## 420 Occupancy American Goldfinch cyper 0.0504 0.2661 -0.4653 0.0593 0.5874 1.0038 1200 -0.3943 0.5037
## 421 Occupancy American Kestrel cyper -0.2569 0.3175 -0.8825 -0.2503 0.3589 1.0007 1200 -0.7991 0.2443
## 422 Occupancy American Redstart cyper -0.1111 0.2579 -0.6041 -0.1196 0.4137 1.0058 1200 -0.5302 0.3149
## 423 Occupancy American Robin cyper 0.0630 0.2319 -0.3574 0.0539 0.5376 1.0014 1200 -0.2965 0.4637
## 424 Occupancy American Woodcock cyper -0.0741 0.3115 -0.6894 -0.0711 0.5197 1.0063 1200 -0.5968 0.4309
## 425 Occupancy Barred Owl cyper -0.2580 0.3116 -0.9114 -0.2344 0.3032 1.0013 1200 -0.7863 0.2265
## 426 Occupancy Bald Eagle cyper -0.3192 0.3249 -0.9762 -0.3163 0.3230 1.0093 1200 -0.8630 0.2041
## 427 Occupancy Bank Swallow cyper -0.2781 0.3166 -0.9481 -0.2690 0.2937 1.0007 1148 -0.8163 0.2138
## 428 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole cyper -0.4183 0.2275 -0.8687 -0.4113 0.0114 1.0003 1200 -0.7972 -0.0603
## 429 Occupancy Barn Swallow cyper -0.3091 0.2758 -0.8687 -0.3032 0.2197 1.0053 1200 -0.7684 0.1390
## 430 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee cyper 0.0192 0.2810 -0.5120 0.0201 0.5853 1.0083 1200 -0.4377 0.4817
## 431 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher cyper -0.5290 0.2800 -1.0851 -0.5156 0.0041 0.9990 1337 -0.9962 -0.0810
## 432 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher cyper -0.0160 0.2323 -0.4340 -0.0250 0.4588 1.0117 1200 -0.3721 0.3863
## 433 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird cyper -0.2099 0.2466 -0.6930 -0.2079 0.3032 1.0050 1319 -0.6107 0.1867
## 434 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo cyper -0.0633 0.3238 -0.6578 -0.0636 0.5937 0.9990 1200 -0.5830 0.4406
## 435 Occupancy Blue Jay cyper -0.0138 0.2394 -0.4714 -0.0164 0.4630 1.0202 1200 -0.3989 0.3955
## 436 Occupancy Bobolink cyper -0.1328 0.3232 -0.7372 -0.1512 0.5118 0.9999 1914 -0.6664 0.4006
## 437 Occupancy Brown Creeper cyper 0.0615 0.2584 -0.4285 0.0580 0.5484 1.0347 1084 -0.3544 0.4777
## 438 Occupancy Brown Thrasher cyper -0.1177 0.3111 -0.7561 -0.1272 0.4862 0.9996 1200 -0.6322 0.4012
## 439 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler cyper -0.1274 0.3316 -0.7708 -0.1257 0.4907 1.0038 1200 -0.6559 0.4035
## 440 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk cyper -0.2604 0.3182 -0.8923 -0.2551 0.3640 1.0053 1200 -0.8049 0.2734
## 441 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler cyper 0.1264 0.2716 -0.3862 0.1269 0.6738 1.0007 1200 -0.3181 0.5723
## 442 Occupancy Canada Goose cyper -0.0649 0.2845 -0.6386 -0.0599 0.4710 1.0023 1200 -0.5265 0.4044
## 443 Occupancy Carolina Wren cyper -0.2499 0.2141 -0.6623 -0.2483 0.1410 1.0042 1200 -0.5949 0.0886
## 444 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing cyper -0.1322 0.2140 -0.5312 -0.1359 0.3037 0.9999 1200 -0.4692 0.2177
## 445 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler cyper -0.1204 0.3255 -0.7451 -0.1218 0.5539 1.0045 1200 -0.6576 0.4068
## 446 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow cyper -0.0071 0.2263 -0.4320 -0.0054 0.4430 1.0114 1348 -0.3666 0.3649
## 447 Occupancy Chimney Swift cyper -0.3027 0.2608 -0.8237 -0.3032 0.2051 1.0104 1200 -0.7298 0.1184
## 448 Occupancy Cliff Swallow cyper -0.2559 0.3232 -0.8809 -0.2626 0.3553 1.0138 1200 -0.7893 0.2868
## 449 Occupancy Common Grackle cyper -0.1743 0.2241 -0.6211 -0.1701 0.2780 1.0016 1519 -0.5573 0.1805
## 450 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk cyper -0.2089 0.2663 -0.7545 -0.1989 0.2727 1.0025 1200 -0.6647 0.2149
## 451 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat cyper 0.1954 0.1981 -0.1735 0.1912 0.6064 0.9995 1200 -0.1091 0.5289
## 452 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco cyper -0.3371 0.2489 -0.8385 -0.3321 0.1395 1.0046 1200 -0.7572 0.0516
## 453 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker cyper 0.0187 0.2690 -0.4866 0.0174 0.5735 1.0044 1200 -0.3985 0.4781
## 454 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird cyper 0.2823 0.2375 -0.1714 0.2747 0.7750 1.0086 1098 -0.1005 0.7019
## 455 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird cyper -0.1865 0.2666 -0.7298 -0.1802 0.3191 1.0262 1101 -0.6298 0.2465
## 456 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark cyper -0.2418 0.3135 -0.8947 -0.2472 0.3746 0.9998 1046 -0.7507 0.2779
## 457 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe cyper -0.2895 0.2494 -0.8076 -0.2851 0.2035 1.0018 1200 -0.6960 0.1163
## 458 Occupancy Eastern Towhee cyper 0.5798 0.2334 0.1242 0.5781 1.0428 1.0097 1200 0.2069 0.9593
## 459 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee cyper -0.1182 0.2443 -0.5750 -0.1134 0.3532 1.0217 1200 -0.5190 0.2795
## 460 Occupancy European Starling cyper -0.4398 0.2587 -0.9676 -0.4314 0.0273 1.0020 1200 -0.8863 -0.0413
## 461 Occupancy Field Sparrow cyper 0.2881 0.2548 -0.2031 0.2862 0.7816 0.9995 1200 -0.1203 0.7096
## 462 Occupancy Great Blue Heron cyper -0.5325 0.3044 -1.1551 -0.5271 0.0396 1.0020 1200 -1.0545 -0.0694
## 463 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher cyper -0.1717 0.2827 -0.7247 -0.1798 0.3872 0.9997 1200 -0.6219 0.2968
## 464 Occupancy Great Horned Owl cyper -0.2324 0.3241 -0.8965 -0.2291 0.3598 1.0098 1010 -0.7836 0.2791
## 465 Occupancy Gray Catbird cyper -0.2294 0.1756 -0.5872 -0.2255 0.0942 1.0013 1200 -0.5281 0.0410
## 466 Occupancy Green Heron cyper -0.0803 0.3151 -0.7039 -0.0765 0.5211 1.0039 1200 -0.6145 0.4422
## 467 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker cyper 0.0743 0.2584 -0.4242 0.0764 0.5839 1.0029 1200 -0.3516 0.5098
## 468 Occupancy Herring Gull cyper -0.2210 0.3160 -0.8473 -0.2201 0.3687 0.9998 1073 -0.7427 0.2829
## 469 Occupancy Hermit Thrush cyper -0.0026 0.2993 -0.5975 -0.0099 0.6151 1.0131 1200 -0.4785 0.4956
## 470 Occupancy House Finch cyper -0.2726 0.2740 -0.8314 -0.2683 0.2844 1.0114 1200 -0.7277 0.1764
## 471 Occupancy House Sparrow cyper -0.3832 0.2259 -0.8671 -0.3730 0.0238 1.0022 1200 -0.7696 -0.0229
## 472 Occupancy Hooded Warbler cyper 0.0630 0.1921 -0.3181 0.0640 0.4521 1.0039 1050 -0.2590 0.3735
## 473 Occupancy House Wren cyper 0.1942 0.1764 -0.1389 0.1939 0.5229 1.0089 1200 -0.0884 0.4813
## 474 Occupancy Indigo Bunting cyper -0.3498 0.1796 -0.6991 -0.3429 -0.0115 1.0020 1200 -0.6509 -0.0592
## 475 Occupancy Killdeer cyper -0.0971 0.2864 -0.6423 -0.1007 0.4906 1.0012 1200 -0.5594 0.3776
## 476 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush cyper -0.3462 0.2561 -0.8355 -0.3443 0.1215 1.0009 1200 -0.7666 0.0581
## 477 Occupancy Mallard cyper -0.2313 0.2946 -0.8409 -0.2182 0.3442 1.0092 1200 -0.7271 0.2385
## 478 Occupancy Mourning Dove cyper 0.1008 0.2332 -0.3410 0.0927 0.5757 1.0007 1200 -0.2698 0.4957
## 479 Occupancy Northern Cardinal cyper -0.2480 0.2402 -0.7233 -0.2485 0.2366 1.0034 1200 -0.6273 0.1546
## 480 Occupancy Northern Flicker cyper 0.1770 0.3013 -0.4349 0.1888 0.7543 1.0234 1055 -0.3200 0.6439
## 481 Occupancy Northern Parula cyper -0.2315 0.3174 -0.8537 -0.2307 0.3677 1.0036 1456 -0.7416 0.2846
## 482 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow cyper -0.4750 0.2906 -1.0461 -0.4692 0.0887 1.0086 1200 -0.9405 -0.0125
## 483 Occupancy Orchard Oriole cyper -0.2438 0.2708 -0.7979 -0.2403 0.2441 0.9995 1509 -0.7066 0.1895
## 484 Occupancy Ovenbird cyper -0.2147 0.2487 -0.7412 -0.2092 0.2627 1.0053 1200 -0.6273 0.1896
## 485 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker cyper -0.0928 0.2764 -0.6614 -0.0937 0.4410 1.0045 1200 -0.5302 0.3357
## 486 Occupancy Purple Finch cyper -0.1798 0.3249 -0.8311 -0.1699 0.4532 1.0033 1200 -0.6973 0.3290
## 487 Occupancy Purple Martin cyper -0.1511 0.3450 -0.8643 -0.1366 0.5395 1.0173 1200 -0.7112 0.4090
## 488 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak cyper -0.2590 0.2654 -0.8044 -0.2576 0.2623 1.0024 1925 -0.6891 0.1733
## 489 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull cyper -0.3772 0.2728 -0.9232 -0.3797 0.1387 1.0042 1200 -0.8363 0.0521
## 490 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch cyper -0.0447 0.3226 -0.6935 -0.0510 0.6024 0.9994 1633 -0.5768 0.4652
## 491 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker cyper -0.1821 0.3103 -0.7868 -0.1908 0.4098 0.9996 1200 -0.6772 0.3204
## 492 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo cyper -0.1068 0.2453 -0.6005 -0.1115 0.3909 1.0091 1200 -0.5139 0.3052
## 493 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker cyper -0.2308 0.2954 -0.8036 -0.2370 0.3519 1.0009 1200 -0.7171 0.2598
## 494 Occupancy Rock Pigeon cyper -0.2372 0.3111 -0.8490 -0.2432 0.4073 1.0100 1200 -0.7374 0.2614
## 495 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk cyper -0.0682 0.2998 -0.6615 -0.0746 0.5346 1.0033 1200 -0.5455 0.4432
## 496 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk cyper -0.3342 0.2905 -0.9290 -0.3288 0.2052 1.0139 799 -0.8422 0.1298
## 497 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird cyper -0.0275 0.3056 -0.6305 -0.0252 0.5685 1.0042 1200 -0.5212 0.4622
## 498 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird cyper -0.2405 0.1888 -0.6353 -0.2413 0.1223 1.0027 1674 -0.5515 0.0788
## 499 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow cyper -0.2466 0.3181 -0.8845 -0.2370 0.3541 1.0133 1200 -0.7655 0.2814
## 500 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager cyper -0.1664 0.2283 -0.6124 -0.1643 0.2727 1.0021 1335 -0.5379 0.1995
## 501 Occupancy Song Sparrow cyper -0.0098 0.1692 -0.3366 -0.0126 0.3336 0.9999 1009 -0.2786 0.2768
## 502 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow cyper -0.1190 0.2623 -0.6302 -0.1194 0.3926 1.0077 1200 -0.5514 0.3274
## 503 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler cyper -0.1441 0.3288 -0.8379 -0.1366 0.4662 1.0044 1350 -0.7092 0.3770
## 504 Occupancy Tree Swallow cyper -0.3167 0.2720 -0.8716 -0.3011 0.1920 1.0028 1200 -0.7831 0.0999
## 505 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse cyper -0.1585 0.2592 -0.6686 -0.1602 0.3625 1.0176 1200 -0.5944 0.2617
## 506 Occupancy Turkey Vulture cyper -0.0741 0.2894 -0.6484 -0.0769 0.5226 1.0024 1200 -0.5618 0.3955
## 507 Occupancy Veery cyper -0.0749 0.2509 -0.5282 -0.0781 0.4160 1.0181 1200 -0.4750 0.3514
## 508 Occupancy Virginia Rail cyper -0.1419 0.3314 -0.8114 -0.1359 0.4820 1.0101 1200 -0.7109 0.4097
## 509 Occupancy Warbling Vireo cyper -0.4887 0.2333 -0.9620 -0.4797 -0.0570 1.0121 1200 -0.8889 -0.1189
## 510 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch cyper 0.0841 0.2765 -0.4788 0.0840 0.6189 1.0034 1391 -0.3671 0.5521
## 511 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo cyper -0.0861 0.3157 -0.7106 -0.0892 0.5433 1.0052 1200 -0.6083 0.4185
## 512 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher cyper 0.0617 0.2563 -0.4161 0.0518 0.6057 1.0041 1200 -0.3436 0.5061
## 513 Occupancy Wild Turkey cyper 0.0628 0.3075 -0.5420 0.0575 0.6566 1.0241 1200 -0.4413 0.5600
## 514 Occupancy Winter Wren cyper -0.0734 0.2988 -0.6602 -0.0688 0.4997 1.0104 1200 -0.5685 0.4216
## 515 Occupancy Wood Duck cyper -0.1894 0.3100 -0.7971 -0.1898 0.4201 1.0211 1200 -0.7055 0.3002
## 516 Occupancy Wood Thrush cyper -0.0567 0.2129 -0.4907 -0.0554 0.3534 1.0056 1200 -0.4100 0.2928
## 517 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo cyper -0.2149 0.2940 -0.8167 -0.2058 0.3603 0.9992 1445 -0.7093 0.2693
## 518 Occupancy Yellow Warbler cyper -0.2215 0.2106 -0.6288 -0.2251 0.2111 1.0043 1200 -0.5641 0.1335
## 519 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo cyper -0.0746 0.2536 -0.5604 -0.0713 0.4456 1.0082 1200 -0.4823 0.3456
## 520 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler cyper -0.4352 0.3031 -1.1007 -0.4104 0.0895 1.0031 1038 -0.9822 0.0162
## 521 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher small_tree 0.0561 0.1394 -0.2094 0.0518 0.3223 1.0018 1200 -0.1616 0.2857
## 522 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher small_tree 0.1456 0.1839 -0.1945 0.1413 0.5432 1.0020 1200 -0.1497 0.4573
## 523 Occupancy American Crow small_tree 0.1072 0.1498 -0.1750 0.1059 0.3916 1.0004 1200 -0.1336 0.3527
## 524 Occupancy American Goldfinch small_tree -0.0198 0.1704 -0.3537 -0.0125 0.3070 1.0172 1200 -0.3009 0.2519
## 525 Occupancy American Kestrel small_tree 0.0688 0.1871 -0.2853 0.0723 0.4264 1.0016 997 -0.2314 0.3784
## 526 Occupancy American Redstart small_tree 0.0338 0.1650 -0.3027 0.0371 0.3461 1.0042 1217 -0.2465 0.3026
## 527 Occupancy American Robin small_tree 0.0999 0.1579 -0.2227 0.0994 0.4170 1.0134 1200 -0.1518 0.3598
## 528 Occupancy American Woodcock small_tree 0.1532 0.1793 -0.1652 0.1402 0.5364 0.9994 1069 -0.1264 0.4627
## 529 Occupancy Barred Owl small_tree 0.0666 0.1772 -0.2672 0.0665 0.4150 1.0022 1200 -0.2222 0.3589
## 530 Occupancy Bald Eagle small_tree 0.1163 0.1724 -0.2244 0.1153 0.4691 1.0223 1200 -0.1618 0.3977
## 531 Occupancy Bank Swallow small_tree 0.0665 0.1845 -0.3047 0.0664 0.4233 1.0035 1797 -0.2384 0.3617
## 532 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole small_tree 0.0948 0.1587 -0.2166 0.0915 0.3941 1.0054 1123 -0.1702 0.3523
## 533 Occupancy Barn Swallow small_tree 0.0785 0.1617 -0.2274 0.0767 0.4045 1.0078 1200 -0.1844 0.3477
## 534 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee small_tree 0.0569 0.1773 -0.2864 0.0531 0.4199 1.0107 1200 -0.2278 0.3601
## 535 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher small_tree 0.0129 0.1684 -0.3320 0.0195 0.3176 0.9994 1200 -0.2704 0.2739
## 536 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher small_tree 0.1156 0.1594 -0.1857 0.1142 0.4185 1.0051 1200 -0.1353 0.3779
## 537 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird small_tree 0.1114 0.1703 -0.2420 0.1098 0.4617 1.0077 1200 -0.1605 0.4094
## 538 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo small_tree 0.0623 0.1828 -0.2904 0.0683 0.4357 1.0026 1200 -0.2326 0.3502
## 539 Occupancy Blue Jay small_tree 0.2300 0.1661 -0.0775 0.2211 0.5794 1.0042 1200 -0.0335 0.5163
## 540 Occupancy Bobolink small_tree 0.0677 0.1812 -0.2951 0.0704 0.4177 1.0171 1200 -0.2211 0.3617
## 541 Occupancy Brown Creeper small_tree 0.0975 0.1650 -0.2158 0.0950 0.4128 1.0085 1200 -0.1778 0.3694
## 542 Occupancy Brown Thrasher small_tree -0.0497 0.1879 -0.4405 -0.0468 0.3180 1.0036 1120 -0.3536 0.2452
## 543 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler small_tree 0.0599 0.1913 -0.3213 0.0663 0.4243 1.0107 1200 -0.2582 0.3652
## 544 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk small_tree -0.0009 0.1857 -0.3813 0.0026 0.3494 1.0013 1200 -0.3038 0.2951
## 545 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler small_tree 0.0841 0.1681 -0.2387 0.0841 0.4274 1.0007 1200 -0.1943 0.3698
## 546 Occupancy Canada Goose small_tree 0.0434 0.1808 -0.3414 0.0476 0.3941 1.0058 1343 -0.2697 0.3255
## 547 Occupancy Carolina Wren small_tree 0.2203 0.1626 -0.0993 0.2193 0.5302 1.0014 1200 -0.0493 0.4786
## 548 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing small_tree -0.0836 0.1589 -0.4192 -0.0800 0.2169 1.0011 1200 -0.3410 0.1654
## 549 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler small_tree 0.0612 0.1839 -0.2956 0.0627 0.4298 0.9994 1574 -0.2357 0.3674
## 550 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow small_tree 0.0807 0.1551 -0.2214 0.0802 0.3986 0.9999 1026 -0.1663 0.3531
## 551 Occupancy Chimney Swift small_tree -0.0477 0.1862 -0.3959 -0.0447 0.3084 1.0107 1200 -0.3510 0.2496
## 552 Occupancy Cliff Swallow small_tree 0.0150 0.1809 -0.3422 0.0136 0.3688 1.0153 1200 -0.2778 0.3159
## 553 Occupancy Common Grackle small_tree 0.1013 0.1614 -0.1990 0.0954 0.4574 1.0013 1299 -0.1500 0.3914
## 554 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk small_tree 0.0634 0.1631 -0.2584 0.0691 0.3740 1.0009 1103 -0.2024 0.3200
## 555 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat small_tree 0.0766 0.1414 -0.2121 0.0789 0.3531 1.0017 1200 -0.1574 0.3070
## 556 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco small_tree 0.0544 0.1642 -0.2713 0.0567 0.3820 1.0082 1103 -0.2281 0.3139
## 557 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker small_tree -0.0013 0.1748 -0.3591 0.0025 0.3247 1.0094 1200 -0.3010 0.2862
## 558 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird small_tree 0.0682 0.1621 -0.2302 0.0627 0.3893 1.0020 1200 -0.1870 0.3428
## 559 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird small_tree 0.1243 0.1612 -0.1729 0.1230 0.4414 1.0075 1020 -0.1292 0.3910
## 560 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark small_tree 0.0729 0.1810 -0.2805 0.0761 0.4243 1.0000 1312 -0.2260 0.3637
## 561 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe small_tree 0.0148 0.1655 -0.3214 0.0191 0.3162 1.0105 1200 -0.2595 0.2836
## 562 Occupancy Eastern Towhee small_tree 0.1235 0.1478 -0.1578 0.1205 0.4224 1.0029 1200 -0.1076 0.3808
## 563 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee small_tree 0.1624 0.1545 -0.1360 0.1549 0.4835 1.0048 1200 -0.0886 0.4383
## 564 Occupancy European Starling small_tree -0.0546 0.1528 -0.3849 -0.0507 0.2353 1.0089 1200 -0.3167 0.1873
## 565 Occupancy Field Sparrow small_tree 0.0273 0.1538 -0.2645 0.0274 0.3153 1.0218 1200 -0.2190 0.2775
## 566 Occupancy Great Blue Heron small_tree 0.0688 0.1707 -0.2678 0.0673 0.4070 0.9996 1200 -0.2278 0.3361
## 567 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher small_tree 0.0365 0.1888 -0.3436 0.0351 0.4136 1.0014 1123 -0.2739 0.3557
## 568 Occupancy Great Horned Owl small_tree 0.0550 0.1850 -0.3281 0.0587 0.3996 1.0030 1078 -0.2531 0.3479
## 569 Occupancy Gray Catbird small_tree 0.0865 0.1410 -0.1837 0.0883 0.3545 1.0030 1200 -0.1466 0.3186
## 570 Occupancy Green Heron small_tree 0.0928 0.1796 -0.2562 0.0881 0.4465 1.0120 1200 -0.1948 0.3971
## 571 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker small_tree 0.1825 0.1704 -0.1387 0.1827 0.5354 1.0065 1200 -0.0935 0.4621
## 572 Occupancy Herring Gull small_tree 0.0797 0.1846 -0.2661 0.0738 0.4471 1.0053 1074 -0.2143 0.3912
## 573 Occupancy Hermit Thrush small_tree 0.0674 0.1821 -0.2754 0.0637 0.4360 1.0019 1322 -0.2112 0.3652
## 574 Occupancy House Finch small_tree 0.1161 0.1684 -0.2088 0.1170 0.4544 1.0099 1320 -0.1714 0.3918
## 575 Occupancy House Sparrow small_tree 0.0683 0.1474 -0.2322 0.0732 0.3557 1.0041 1200 -0.1710 0.3085
## 576 Occupancy Hooded Warbler small_tree -0.0012 0.1475 -0.3020 0.0025 0.2803 1.0065 1200 -0.2456 0.2374
## 577 Occupancy House Wren small_tree 0.2251 0.1377 -0.0286 0.2202 0.5133 1.0040 1200 0.0035 0.4540
## 578 Occupancy Indigo Bunting small_tree 0.0562 0.1369 -0.2224 0.0617 0.3324 1.0035 1094 -0.1794 0.2779
## 579 Occupancy Killdeer small_tree 0.1041 0.1704 -0.2410 0.1074 0.4264 1.0091 1080 -0.1911 0.3801
## 580 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush small_tree 0.1155 0.1618 -0.1868 0.1127 0.4509 1.0005 1200 -0.1469 0.3837
## 581 Occupancy Mallard small_tree 0.0371 0.1721 -0.2923 0.0356 0.3858 1.0098 1344 -0.2460 0.3201
## 582 Occupancy Mourning Dove small_tree 0.1283 0.1566 -0.1722 0.1211 0.4519 1.0032 1200 -0.1070 0.4066
## 583 Occupancy Northern Cardinal small_tree 0.0392 0.1649 -0.2785 0.0458 0.3621 0.9992 1093 -0.2356 0.3053
## 584 Occupancy Northern Flicker small_tree 0.0611 0.1830 -0.2802 0.0591 0.4406 1.0000 1200 -0.2398 0.3695
## 585 Occupancy Northern Parula small_tree 0.0669 0.1813 -0.2843 0.0692 0.4141 1.0034 963 -0.2240 0.3620
## 586 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow small_tree 0.0076 0.1728 -0.3158 0.0073 0.3415 1.0010 1200 -0.2690 0.2848
## 587 Occupancy Orchard Oriole small_tree 0.0201 0.1638 -0.3026 0.0228 0.3397 1.0082 1200 -0.2542 0.2806
## 588 Occupancy Ovenbird small_tree 0.0336 0.1645 -0.2897 0.0327 0.3500 1.0001 1200 -0.2392 0.3002
## 589 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker small_tree 0.0773 0.1715 -0.2485 0.0703 0.4283 1.0006 1200 -0.1915 0.3626
## 590 Occupancy Purple Finch small_tree 0.0434 0.1783 -0.3210 0.0393 0.3876 1.0059 1200 -0.2542 0.3376
## 591 Occupancy Purple Martin small_tree 0.0647 0.1858 -0.3023 0.0687 0.4267 1.0021 1200 -0.2378 0.3768
## 592 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak small_tree -0.0348 0.1738 -0.3828 -0.0320 0.2827 1.0041 1200 -0.3230 0.2314
## 593 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull small_tree 0.0523 0.1725 -0.2839 0.0499 0.3866 1.0018 1200 -0.2259 0.3299
## 594 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch small_tree 0.0580 0.1889 -0.3168 0.0559 0.4429 1.0013 1200 -0.2543 0.3615
## 595 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker small_tree 0.0336 0.1701 -0.2935 0.0312 0.3883 1.0019 1065 -0.2356 0.3223
## 596 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo small_tree -0.0729 0.1554 -0.3974 -0.0625 0.2097 1.0104 1200 -0.3378 0.1666
## 597 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker small_tree 0.0521 0.1757 -0.3131 0.0532 0.3796 1.0007 1200 -0.2291 0.3372
## 598 Occupancy Rock Pigeon small_tree 0.0410 0.1864 -0.3486 0.0417 0.3965 0.9997 1200 -0.2731 0.3363
## 599 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk small_tree 0.1732 0.1892 -0.1887 0.1750 0.5474 1.0022 1200 -0.1406 0.4765
## 600 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk small_tree 0.1236 0.1705 -0.1974 0.1230 0.4766 1.0041 1200 -0.1347 0.4169
## 601 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird small_tree 0.0484 0.1913 -0.3385 0.0513 0.4134 1.0030 1376 -0.2826 0.3517
## 602 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird small_tree 0.0959 0.1368 -0.1714 0.0978 0.3678 1.0020 1200 -0.1294 0.3271
## 603 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow small_tree 0.0689 0.1792 -0.2848 0.0639 0.4352 1.0036 1200 -0.2127 0.3594
## 604 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager small_tree 0.0689 0.1505 -0.2330 0.0692 0.3542 1.0031 1304 -0.1838 0.3063
## 605 Occupancy Song Sparrow small_tree 0.0969 0.1341 -0.1566 0.0958 0.3699 0.9990 1200 -0.1169 0.3222
## 606 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow small_tree 0.0518 0.1686 -0.2997 0.0570 0.3694 1.0014 1085 -0.2283 0.3201
## 607 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler small_tree 0.0703 0.1865 -0.3022 0.0705 0.4433 1.0078 1200 -0.2378 0.3740
## 608 Occupancy Tree Swallow small_tree 0.0439 0.1567 -0.2745 0.0445 0.3466 1.0042 1200 -0.2169 0.2912
## 609 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse small_tree 0.0959 0.1737 -0.2292 0.0929 0.4465 1.0013 1200 -0.1840 0.3866
## 610 Occupancy Turkey Vulture small_tree 0.0430 0.1853 -0.3311 0.0436 0.4191 1.0014 1312 -0.2561 0.3458
## 611 Occupancy Veery small_tree 0.1061 0.1675 -0.2095 0.1010 0.4323 1.0023 1200 -0.1521 0.3810
## 612 Occupancy Virginia Rail small_tree 0.0631 0.1895 -0.3016 0.0678 0.4153 1.0040 1200 -0.2466 0.3738
## 613 Occupancy Warbling Vireo small_tree 0.0038 0.1445 -0.2675 0.0016 0.2968 1.0051 1200 -0.2316 0.2489
## 614 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch small_tree 0.1115 0.1656 -0.2065 0.1040 0.4576 1.0056 1347 -0.1512 0.3909
## 615 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo small_tree 0.0692 0.1731 -0.2586 0.0668 0.4106 1.0076 1200 -0.2080 0.3555
## 616 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher small_tree 0.0120 0.1615 -0.3178 0.0135 0.3212 1.0049 1337 -0.2572 0.2670
## 617 Occupancy Wild Turkey small_tree 0.0428 0.1790 -0.3021 0.0427 0.3956 0.9995 1200 -0.2502 0.3385
## 618 Occupancy Winter Wren small_tree 0.0114 0.1790 -0.3477 0.0131 0.3501 1.0235 1200 -0.2785 0.2993
## 619 Occupancy Wood Duck small_tree 0.0822 0.1833 -0.2763 0.0768 0.4474 1.0091 1200 -0.2168 0.3787
## 620 Occupancy Wood Thrush small_tree 0.0033 0.1439 -0.2853 -0.0003 0.2960 0.9995 1200 -0.2321 0.2406
## 621 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo small_tree 0.0714 0.1732 -0.2841 0.0776 0.3821 1.0003 1200 -0.2048 0.3419
## 622 Occupancy Yellow Warbler small_tree 0.0251 0.1444 -0.2452 0.0202 0.3211 1.0026 1200 -0.2114 0.2689
## 623 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo small_tree 0.0189 0.1657 -0.3278 0.0244 0.3213 1.0015 1200 -0.2611 0.2788
## 624 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler small_tree 0.2064 0.1837 -0.1323 0.1964 0.5848 1.0038 1200 -0.0700 0.5257
## 625 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher shrub 0.2490 0.2048 -0.1385 0.2501 0.6738 1.0026 1200 -0.0846 0.6095
## 626 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher shrub -0.2691 0.2808 -0.8248 -0.2569 0.2436 1.0000 1200 -0.7341 0.1706
## 627 Occupancy American Crow shrub -0.2427 0.1954 -0.6169 -0.2433 0.1389 1.0063 1200 -0.5518 0.0737
## 628 Occupancy American Goldfinch shrub -0.0547 0.2449 -0.5518 -0.0566 0.4406 0.9990 1200 -0.4604 0.3564
## 629 Occupancy American Kestrel shrub -0.2818 0.2843 -0.8634 -0.2696 0.2461 1.0101 1369 -0.7554 0.1721
## 630 Occupancy American Redstart shrub -0.1338 0.2303 -0.5997 -0.1437 0.3308 1.0012 1200 -0.5117 0.2482
## 631 Occupancy American Robin shrub -0.2455 0.2094 -0.6392 -0.2476 0.1682 1.0076 1082 -0.5893 0.1075
## 632 Occupancy American Woodcock shrub -0.1911 0.2645 -0.7456 -0.1915 0.3304 1.0033 1200 -0.6259 0.2391
## 633 Occupancy Barred Owl shrub -0.1922 0.2700 -0.6874 -0.1907 0.3467 1.0021 1200 -0.6269 0.2706
## 634 Occupancy Bald Eagle shrub -0.2919 0.2716 -0.8561 -0.2825 0.2235 1.0041 1200 -0.7305 0.1373
## 635 Occupancy Bank Swallow shrub -0.2755 0.2804 -0.8833 -0.2587 0.2409 1.0051 1200 -0.7644 0.1884
## 636 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole shrub -0.1443 0.1947 -0.5044 -0.1441 0.2379 1.0083 1200 -0.4600 0.1656
## 637 Occupancy Barn Swallow shrub -0.1975 0.2424 -0.6860 -0.1930 0.2835 1.0009 1200 -0.6102 0.1911
## 638 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee shrub -0.0820 0.2503 -0.5351 -0.0904 0.4107 1.0024 1200 -0.4652 0.3191
## 639 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher shrub -0.1151 0.2351 -0.5706 -0.1215 0.3454 1.0008 1200 -0.5018 0.2666
## 640 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher shrub -0.1635 0.2149 -0.5596 -0.1696 0.2867 1.0049 1200 -0.4908 0.2102
## 641 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird shrub -0.2145 0.2230 -0.6622 -0.2181 0.2235 1.0072 1362 -0.5870 0.1486
## 642 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo shrub -0.1640 0.2812 -0.7057 -0.1682 0.4108 1.0017 1200 -0.6425 0.3098
## 643 Occupancy Blue Jay shrub -0.0105 0.2243 -0.4217 -0.0234 0.4453 1.0008 1200 -0.3627 0.3531
## 644 Occupancy Bobolink shrub -0.2186 0.2869 -0.7729 -0.2082 0.3342 0.9999 1200 -0.6927 0.2444
## 645 Occupancy Brown Creeper shrub -0.1485 0.2338 -0.6218 -0.1493 0.3100 1.0019 1122 -0.5356 0.2298
## 646 Occupancy Brown Thrasher shrub -0.3302 0.2660 -0.8828 -0.3333 0.1941 1.0006 1200 -0.7686 0.1140
## 647 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler shrub -0.2224 0.2773 -0.7750 -0.2276 0.3086 1.0009 1200 -0.7022 0.2347
## 648 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk shrub -0.2412 0.2598 -0.7540 -0.2410 0.2696 1.0036 909 -0.6564 0.1874
## 649 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler shrub -0.1504 0.2460 -0.6269 -0.1561 0.3233 1.0004 1200 -0.5516 0.2494
## 650 Occupancy Canada Goose shrub -0.2865 0.2549 -0.7985 -0.2767 0.1921 1.0100 1200 -0.7157 0.1150
## 651 Occupancy Carolina Wren shrub -0.2538 0.2042 -0.6561 -0.2509 0.1411 1.0036 1200 -0.5940 0.0799
## 652 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing shrub -0.6794 0.2214 -1.1477 -0.6637 -0.2850 1.0026 1200 -1.0672 -0.3508
## 653 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler shrub -0.2232 0.2812 -0.7940 -0.2311 0.3202 1.0034 1200 -0.6857 0.2602
## 654 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow shrub -0.1283 0.2093 -0.5216 -0.1326 0.2894 1.0048 1145 -0.4583 0.2230
## 655 Occupancy Chimney Swift shrub -0.3930 0.2370 -0.8763 -0.3949 0.0734 1.0125 1200 -0.7838 -0.0106
## 656 Occupancy Cliff Swallow shrub -0.2661 0.2893 -0.8437 -0.2724 0.3577 1.0087 1200 -0.7357 0.2036
## 657 Occupancy Common Grackle shrub -0.5561 0.2385 -1.0497 -0.5413 -0.1009 1.0045 1200 -0.9609 -0.1642
## 658 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk shrub -0.2362 0.2413 -0.7308 -0.2390 0.2505 1.0037 1200 -0.6235 0.1668
## 659 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat shrub -0.4589 0.2064 -0.8574 -0.4614 -0.0612 1.0105 1200 -0.7869 -0.1206
## 660 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco shrub -0.0566 0.2203 -0.4730 -0.0607 0.3750 1.0000 1200 -0.4031 0.3167
## 661 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker shrub -0.1819 0.2439 -0.6652 -0.1860 0.3009 1.0026 1200 -0.5743 0.1997
## 662 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird shrub -0.2717 0.2360 -0.7352 -0.2735 0.1869 1.0035 1200 -0.6490 0.1059
## 663 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird shrub -0.2447 0.2443 -0.7448 -0.2435 0.2140 1.0021 1200 -0.6621 0.1474
## 664 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark shrub -0.2189 0.2725 -0.7608 -0.2165 0.3128 1.0037 1200 -0.6595 0.2266
## 665 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe shrub -0.2370 0.2193 -0.6662 -0.2371 0.1868 1.0275 1261 -0.6047 0.1008
## 666 Occupancy Eastern Towhee shrub -0.1761 0.1943 -0.5463 -0.1747 0.2061 1.0105 1578 -0.4884 0.1481
## 667 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee shrub -0.1036 0.2143 -0.4926 -0.1104 0.3641 1.0007 1200 -0.4453 0.2542
## 668 Occupancy European Starling shrub -0.2960 0.2263 -0.7550 -0.2940 0.1298 1.0007 1200 -0.6815 0.0729
## 669 Occupancy Field Sparrow shrub -0.4308 0.2544 -0.9790 -0.4154 0.0419 1.0180 1140 -0.8678 -0.0225
## 670 Occupancy Great Blue Heron shrub -0.0871 0.2547 -0.5712 -0.0920 0.4191 1.0021 1105 -0.4892 0.3420
## 671 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher shrub -0.1332 0.2472 -0.6015 -0.1345 0.3631 1.0005 1701 -0.5327 0.2768
## 672 Occupancy Great Horned Owl shrub -0.1768 0.2768 -0.6970 -0.1800 0.3664 1.0028 1200 -0.6218 0.2814
## 673 Occupancy Gray Catbird shrub -0.2265 0.1796 -0.5725 -0.2259 0.1218 1.0046 1025 -0.5271 0.0557
## 674 Occupancy Green Heron shrub -0.2719 0.2714 -0.8150 -0.2654 0.2826 1.0008 1200 -0.7101 0.1795
## 675 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker shrub -0.3202 0.2575 -0.8336 -0.3162 0.2098 1.0094 973 -0.7253 0.1059
## 676 Occupancy Herring Gull shrub -0.1722 0.2858 -0.7316 -0.1800 0.3771 1.0077 1200 -0.6482 0.2912
## 677 Occupancy Hermit Thrush shrub -0.2269 0.2606 -0.7478 -0.2230 0.2583 1.0083 1200 -0.6621 0.1858
## 678 Occupancy House Finch shrub 0.0222 0.2550 -0.4703 0.0217 0.5359 1.0018 1200 -0.3862 0.4467
## 679 Occupancy House Sparrow shrub -0.0086 0.2086 -0.4005 -0.0084 0.4253 1.0140 1462 -0.3457 0.3421
## 680 Occupancy Hooded Warbler shrub 0.0486 0.1858 -0.2895 0.0498 0.4249 1.0011 1200 -0.2446 0.3631
## 681 Occupancy House Wren shrub -0.3687 0.1729 -0.7130 -0.3650 -0.0339 1.0090 1200 -0.6552 -0.0821
## 682 Occupancy Indigo Bunting shrub -0.2629 0.1856 -0.6362 -0.2657 0.0976 1.0189 1149 -0.5732 0.0401
## 683 Occupancy Killdeer shrub -0.1659 0.2440 -0.6380 -0.1635 0.3072 1.0056 1332 -0.5554 0.2356
## 684 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush shrub -0.2241 0.2265 -0.6728 -0.2239 0.2262 1.0000 1200 -0.6001 0.1465
## 685 Occupancy Mallard shrub -0.2451 0.2550 -0.7500 -0.2372 0.2418 1.0032 1200 -0.6675 0.1681
## 686 Occupancy Mourning Dove shrub -0.3231 0.2205 -0.7775 -0.3143 0.1150 1.0061 1200 -0.6916 0.0298
## 687 Occupancy Northern Cardinal shrub -0.2203 0.2192 -0.6491 -0.2171 0.1997 1.0090 1508 -0.5875 0.1458
## 688 Occupancy Northern Flicker shrub -0.2017 0.2580 -0.7378 -0.2053 0.2936 1.0065 1200 -0.6155 0.2130
## 689 Occupancy Northern Parula shrub -0.2826 0.2839 -0.8802 -0.2877 0.2450 1.0054 1200 -0.7643 0.1706
## 690 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow shrub -0.3428 0.2489 -0.8466 -0.3381 0.1095 1.0023 1200 -0.7672 0.0455
## 691 Occupancy Orchard Oriole shrub -0.5201 0.2653 -1.1092 -0.5040 -0.0425 1.0037 1200 -0.9707 -0.1145
## 692 Occupancy Ovenbird shrub -0.1124 0.2260 -0.5356 -0.1050 0.3248 1.0024 1200 -0.4757 0.2496
## 693 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker shrub -0.2786 0.2601 -0.7897 -0.2718 0.2304 1.0276 1320 -0.7097 0.1326
## 694 Occupancy Purple Finch shrub -0.2720 0.2779 -0.8717 -0.2656 0.2662 1.0166 1200 -0.7453 0.1679
## 695 Occupancy Purple Martin shrub -0.2137 0.2859 -0.7774 -0.2123 0.3359 1.0059 1326 -0.6826 0.2728
## 696 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak shrub -0.3067 0.2197 -0.7206 -0.3152 0.0979 1.0138 1200 -0.6582 0.0527
## 697 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull shrub -0.2521 0.2361 -0.7416 -0.2452 0.2237 1.0036 1200 -0.6430 0.1206
## 698 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch shrub -0.2734 0.2678 -0.8510 -0.2677 0.2489 1.0067 1406 -0.7188 0.1707
## 699 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker shrub -0.2202 0.2375 -0.6542 -0.2255 0.2687 1.0072 1200 -0.5915 0.1734
## 700 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo shrub -0.1207 0.2121 -0.5231 -0.1230 0.3149 1.0050 1200 -0.4514 0.2144
## 701 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker shrub -0.3168 0.2591 -0.8608 -0.3129 0.1594 1.0095 1200 -0.7565 0.0903
## 702 Occupancy Rock Pigeon shrub -0.3207 0.2681 -0.8669 -0.3133 0.1785 1.0096 1200 -0.7666 0.0938
## 703 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk shrub -0.2987 0.2630 -0.8176 -0.3001 0.2285 1.0065 1200 -0.7165 0.1415
## 704 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk shrub -0.2266 0.2611 -0.7476 -0.2250 0.2751 1.0151 1200 -0.6560 0.2012
## 705 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird shrub -0.2019 0.2447 -0.6866 -0.2063 0.2989 1.0071 1200 -0.5943 0.2111
## 706 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird shrub -0.3239 0.1886 -0.7012 -0.3193 0.0274 1.0064 1200 -0.6465 -0.0209
## 707 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow shrub -0.2716 0.2793 -0.8264 -0.2663 0.2852 1.0150 1200 -0.7534 0.1726
## 708 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager shrub 0.1417 0.2167 -0.2347 0.1302 0.5738 1.0137 1312 -0.1809 0.5015
## 709 Occupancy Song Sparrow shrub -0.3482 0.1784 -0.7286 -0.3477 -0.0024 1.0098 1200 -0.6450 -0.0550
## 710 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow shrub -0.1685 0.2405 -0.6543 -0.1721 0.3035 1.0168 1200 -0.5622 0.2221
## 711 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler shrub -0.2255 0.2762 -0.7851 -0.2195 0.3234 1.0017 1200 -0.6912 0.2229
## 712 Occupancy Tree Swallow shrub -0.3713 0.2619 -0.9140 -0.3635 0.1354 1.0051 1328 -0.8268 0.0420
## 713 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse shrub 0.0079 0.2498 -0.4610 -0.0036 0.4933 1.0050 1200 -0.3983 0.4284
## 714 Occupancy Turkey Vulture shrub -0.2174 0.2571 -0.7043 -0.2267 0.3119 1.0070 1200 -0.6413 0.2125
## 715 Occupancy Veery shrub 0.0130 0.2269 -0.4198 0.0064 0.4804 1.0006 1200 -0.3504 0.3938
## 716 Occupancy Virginia Rail shrub -0.2187 0.2742 -0.7526 -0.2180 0.3047 1.0058 1200 -0.6495 0.2239
## 717 Occupancy Warbling Vireo shrub -0.4631 0.2184 -0.9239 -0.4587 -0.0538 1.0013 1200 -0.8282 -0.1367
## 718 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch shrub -0.0857 0.2505 -0.5442 -0.0976 0.4129 1.0027 1030 -0.4897 0.3316
## 719 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo shrub -0.1649 0.2653 -0.6810 -0.1688 0.3690 1.0029 954 -0.5873 0.2887
## 720 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher shrub -0.2093 0.2414 -0.6819 -0.2038 0.2899 0.9996 1200 -0.6002 0.1953
## 721 Occupancy Wild Turkey shrub -0.3364 0.2702 -0.8785 -0.3427 0.2017 1.0047 1199 -0.7689 0.1152
## 722 Occupancy Winter Wren shrub -0.1385 0.2633 -0.6456 -0.1421 0.3564 1.0060 1200 -0.5622 0.2806
## 723 Occupancy Wood Duck shrub -0.1863 0.2668 -0.7324 -0.1882 0.3155 1.0001 1200 -0.6305 0.2368
## 724 Occupancy Wood Thrush shrub 0.0277 0.2005 -0.3582 0.0163 0.4550 0.9999 1196 -0.2834 0.3716
## 725 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo shrub -0.2525 0.2578 -0.7884 -0.2430 0.2319 1.0031 1200 -0.6771 0.1689
## 726 Occupancy Yellow Warbler shrub -0.3709 0.2056 -0.7947 -0.3628 0.0194 1.0148 1200 -0.7077 -0.0559
## 727 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo shrub -0.1329 0.2367 -0.5891 -0.1348 0.3673 1.0077 1200 -0.5157 0.2452
## 728 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler shrub -0.1720 0.2577 -0.6900 -0.1717 0.3249 1.0036 1200 -0.5908 0.2602
## 729 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher hydro -0.0878 0.1902 -0.4553 -0.0827 0.2568 1.0024 1386 -0.4065 0.2153
## 730 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher hydro 0.1658 0.2093 -0.2796 0.1760 0.5766 1.0041 1200 -0.1813 0.4985
## 731 Occupancy American Crow hydro 0.1915 0.1774 -0.1398 0.1916 0.5269 1.0004 1200 -0.1005 0.4744
## 732 Occupancy American Goldfinch hydro 0.2441 0.1993 -0.1322 0.2398 0.6537 1.0021 1510 -0.0730 0.5722
## 733 Occupancy American Kestrel hydro 0.1632 0.2127 -0.2460 0.1721 0.5614 1.0065 1200 -0.2051 0.4940
## 734 Occupancy American Redstart hydro 0.2026 0.1887 -0.1458 0.2079 0.5653 1.0013 1200 -0.0997 0.4992
## 735 Occupancy American Robin hydro 0.2465 0.1962 -0.1155 0.2421 0.6603 1.0119 1200 -0.0686 0.5831
## 736 Occupancy American Woodcock hydro 0.1737 0.2182 -0.2436 0.1779 0.6071 1.0041 1200 -0.1665 0.5292
## 737 Occupancy Barred Owl hydro 0.1325 0.2094 -0.2810 0.1324 0.5255 1.0330 985 -0.2051 0.4674
## 738 Occupancy Bald Eagle hydro 0.1971 0.2081 -0.2031 0.1971 0.6197 1.0087 1200 -0.1339 0.5424
## 739 Occupancy Bank Swallow hydro 0.2230 0.2178 -0.1997 0.2205 0.6646 1.0030 1200 -0.1317 0.5854
## 740 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole hydro 0.3364 0.1825 -0.0071 0.3402 0.7166 1.0001 1370 0.0473 0.6569
## 741 Occupancy Barn Swallow hydro 0.2408 0.1973 -0.1535 0.2435 0.6169 1.0105 1200 -0.0875 0.5659
## 742 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee hydro 0.2409 0.2053 -0.1532 0.2327 0.6405 1.0058 1333 -0.0684 0.5663
## 743 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher hydro 0.3202 0.1912 -0.0502 0.3165 0.6903 1.0196 1200 0.0007 0.6279
## 744 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher hydro 0.1984 0.1896 -0.1619 0.1912 0.5875 0.9998 1312 -0.1000 0.5221
## 745 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird hydro 0.1889 0.2033 -0.2037 0.1932 0.5765 1.0030 1200 -0.1305 0.4985
## 746 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo hydro 0.2483 0.2179 -0.1841 0.2452 0.6900 1.0045 1032 -0.1087 0.5889
## 747 Occupancy Blue Jay hydro 0.1976 0.1892 -0.1724 0.2040 0.5561 1.0001 1200 -0.1131 0.4953
## 748 Occupancy Bobolink hydro 0.1912 0.2099 -0.2347 0.1977 0.6072 1.0128 1510 -0.1564 0.5438
## 749 Occupancy Brown Creeper hydro 0.2461 0.1949 -0.1377 0.2428 0.6350 1.0008 1200 -0.0599 0.5652
## 750 Occupancy Brown Thrasher hydro 0.1535 0.1966 -0.2431 0.1540 0.5361 1.0218 1069 -0.1824 0.4713
## 751 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler hydro 0.2076 0.2236 -0.2283 0.1970 0.6692 1.0006 1360 -0.1441 0.5904
## 752 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk hydro 0.1729 0.2007 -0.2153 0.1706 0.5641 1.0003 1229 -0.1479 0.4970
## 753 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler hydro 0.1423 0.1999 -0.2893 0.1453 0.5336 1.0003 1237 -0.1983 0.4684
## 754 Occupancy Canada Goose hydro 0.2401 0.2015 -0.1514 0.2374 0.6581 1.0147 1200 -0.0803 0.5576
## 755 Occupancy Carolina Wren hydro 0.2774 0.1763 -0.0684 0.2774 0.6266 1.0056 1200 -0.0121 0.5666
## 756 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing hydro 0.1506 0.1773 -0.2134 0.1556 0.4900 1.0043 1200 -0.1419 0.4305
## 757 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler hydro 0.2000 0.2207 -0.2690 0.2019 0.6102 1.0013 1360 -0.1641 0.5467
## 758 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow hydro 0.1584 0.1874 -0.2394 0.1681 0.5009 1.0036 1099 -0.1552 0.4483
## 759 Occupancy Chimney Swift hydro 0.1057 0.1967 -0.2811 0.1104 0.4990 1.0362 1200 -0.2288 0.4179
## 760 Occupancy Cliff Swallow hydro 0.1756 0.2129 -0.2573 0.1818 0.5931 1.0103 1200 -0.1705 0.5120
## 761 Occupancy Common Grackle hydro 0.1510 0.1905 -0.2409 0.1547 0.5205 1.0004 1200 -0.1598 0.4581
## 762 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk hydro 0.1197 0.2021 -0.3083 0.1290 0.4874 1.0067 1333 -0.2303 0.4331
## 763 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat hydro 0.4487 0.1752 0.1219 0.4481 0.7919 1.0043 1200 0.1725 0.7419
## 764 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco hydro 0.1070 0.1964 -0.3040 0.1143 0.4735 1.0093 1422 -0.2308 0.4192
## 765 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker hydro 0.2397 0.2029 -0.1702 0.2416 0.6217 1.0060 1200 -0.0919 0.5703
## 766 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird hydro 0.2293 0.1907 -0.1238 0.2321 0.6148 1.0022 1818 -0.0852 0.5540
## 767 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird hydro 0.2801 0.1942 -0.0914 0.2842 0.6740 1.0024 1355 -0.0325 0.6030
## 768 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark hydro 0.2403 0.2058 -0.1771 0.2401 0.6557 1.0010 1200 -0.1084 0.5619
## 769 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe hydro 0.2117 0.1870 -0.1559 0.2065 0.6083 1.0028 1200 -0.0793 0.5250
## 770 Occupancy Eastern Towhee hydro 0.1978 0.1756 -0.1438 0.2027 0.5498 1.0046 1075 -0.0923 0.4717
## 771 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee hydro 0.1924 0.1857 -0.1758 0.1860 0.5568 1.0014 1200 -0.1161 0.4893
## 772 Occupancy European Starling hydro 0.1414 0.1838 -0.2344 0.1397 0.4964 1.0004 1200 -0.1649 0.4381
## 773 Occupancy Field Sparrow hydro 0.0604 0.1978 -0.3279 0.0671 0.4267 1.0041 1200 -0.2671 0.3721
## 774 Occupancy Great Blue Heron hydro 0.2430 0.2006 -0.1506 0.2442 0.6434 1.0077 1200 -0.0917 0.5798
## 775 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher hydro 0.2345 0.1891 -0.1171 0.2350 0.5991 1.0078 1200 -0.0527 0.5460
## 776 Occupancy Great Horned Owl hydro 0.2157 0.2113 -0.2072 0.2171 0.6230 1.0038 1200 -0.1406 0.5609
## 777 Occupancy Gray Catbird hydro 0.3357 0.1776 -0.0015 0.3289 0.6947 1.0123 1200 0.0409 0.6375
## 778 Occupancy Green Heron hydro 0.2278 0.2146 -0.2061 0.2270 0.6630 1.0039 1200 -0.1307 0.5678
## 779 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker hydro 0.1327 0.2120 -0.3026 0.1296 0.5495 1.0054 1200 -0.2089 0.4720
## 780 Occupancy Herring Gull hydro 0.2644 0.2113 -0.1554 0.2660 0.6737 1.0085 900 -0.0799 0.5971
## 781 Occupancy Hermit Thrush hydro 0.1700 0.2102 -0.2697 0.1796 0.5530 1.0103 1047 -0.2011 0.5049
## 782 Occupancy House Finch hydro 0.2528 0.2028 -0.1515 0.2511 0.6524 1.0071 1200 -0.0625 0.5814
## 783 Occupancy House Sparrow hydro 0.1617 0.1884 -0.2083 0.1630 0.5154 1.0010 816 -0.1426 0.4606
## 784 Occupancy Hooded Warbler hydro 0.1002 0.1709 -0.2304 0.1079 0.4118 1.0149 1200 -0.1857 0.3843
## 785 Occupancy House Wren hydro 0.1485 0.1636 -0.1792 0.1483 0.4614 1.0117 1399 -0.1176 0.4149
## 786 Occupancy Indigo Bunting hydro 0.4160 0.1784 0.0841 0.4103 0.7915 1.0024 1200 0.1372 0.7189
## 787 Occupancy Killdeer hydro 0.2915 0.1807 -0.0502 0.2813 0.6589 1.0014 1200 0.0214 0.5887
## 788 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush hydro 0.2552 0.1811 -0.1027 0.2521 0.6082 1.0079 1200 -0.0361 0.5575
## 789 Occupancy Mallard hydro 0.0999 0.2137 -0.3247 0.1091 0.4936 1.0073 1200 -0.2632 0.4352
## 790 Occupancy Mourning Dove hydro 0.3233 0.1889 -0.0408 0.3222 0.6927 1.0216 1102 0.0210 0.6363
## 791 Occupancy Northern Cardinal hydro 0.1815 0.1965 -0.2107 0.1765 0.5657 1.0126 1200 -0.1352 0.5076
## 792 Occupancy Northern Flicker hydro 0.2084 0.2027 -0.1807 0.2036 0.6126 1.0035 1200 -0.1166 0.5356
## 793 Occupancy Northern Parula hydro 0.1581 0.2140 -0.2737 0.1652 0.5845 1.0419 1200 -0.1946 0.4982
## 794 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow hydro 0.1171 0.2043 -0.3143 0.1179 0.5028 1.0008 1200 -0.2215 0.4506
## 795 Occupancy Orchard Oriole hydro 0.1127 0.1973 -0.3073 0.1162 0.4830 1.0004 1369 -0.2016 0.4339
## 796 Occupancy Ovenbird hydro 0.1182 0.1953 -0.2826 0.1239 0.4888 1.0048 1384 -0.2088 0.4342
## 797 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker hydro 0.1617 0.2138 -0.2692 0.1615 0.6088 1.0058 1200 -0.1823 0.5334
## 798 Occupancy Purple Finch hydro 0.2356 0.2096 -0.1680 0.2329 0.6573 1.0011 1200 -0.1007 0.5831
## 799 Occupancy Purple Martin hydro 0.1989 0.2071 -0.2182 0.2029 0.6017 1.0015 1200 -0.1322 0.5372
## 800 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak hydro 0.2347 0.1787 -0.1137 0.2335 0.5857 1.0054 1200 -0.0660 0.5363
## 801 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull hydro 0.1737 0.1894 -0.2170 0.1711 0.5151 1.0048 1200 -0.1508 0.4707
## 802 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch hydro 0.2302 0.2097 -0.1907 0.2247 0.6576 1.0004 1200 -0.1029 0.5812
## 803 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker hydro 0.2319 0.2012 -0.1619 0.2288 0.6325 0.9991 1200 -0.0955 0.5642
## 804 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo hydro 0.1746 0.1922 -0.2013 0.1708 0.5603 1.0043 1200 -0.1317 0.4894
## 805 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker hydro 0.1419 0.2013 -0.2753 0.1429 0.5274 1.0016 1248 -0.1865 0.4674
## 806 Occupancy Rock Pigeon hydro 0.1458 0.2129 -0.2816 0.1590 0.5418 1.0130 1200 -0.2100 0.4761
## 807 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk hydro 0.1729 0.2201 -0.2766 0.1710 0.6143 1.0004 1200 -0.1936 0.5296
## 808 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk hydro 0.0917 0.2028 -0.3257 0.0997 0.4589 1.0126 1090 -0.2578 0.4103
## 809 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird hydro 0.2074 0.2144 -0.2081 0.2153 0.6223 1.0032 592 -0.1397 0.5508
## 810 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird hydro 0.1501 0.1584 -0.1750 0.1541 0.4636 0.9994 1200 -0.1113 0.4095
## 811 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow hydro 0.1585 0.2203 -0.2973 0.1607 0.5909 1.0249 1200 -0.2074 0.5039
## 812 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager hydro 0.2320 0.1847 -0.1377 0.2277 0.5840 1.0008 1200 -0.0683 0.5305
## 813 Occupancy Song Sparrow hydro 0.4400 0.1670 0.1295 0.4341 0.7854 1.0088 1200 0.1783 0.7316
## 814 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow hydro 0.2662 0.1893 -0.0996 0.2658 0.6470 1.0087 1311 -0.0396 0.5726
## 815 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler hydro 0.1954 0.2129 -0.2452 0.1960 0.6083 0.9995 1200 -0.1699 0.5498
## 816 Occupancy Tree Swallow hydro 0.2413 0.1930 -0.1275 0.2407 0.6373 1.0036 1200 -0.0743 0.5681
## 817 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse hydro 0.3132 0.2092 -0.0666 0.3007 0.7614 1.0001 1200 -0.0030 0.6692
## 818 Occupancy Turkey Vulture hydro 0.1966 0.2126 -0.2111 0.1870 0.6219 1.0387 1200 -0.1498 0.5601
## 819 Occupancy Veery hydro 0.1833 0.1894 -0.1906 0.1875 0.5540 1.0002 1200 -0.1406 0.4756
## 820 Occupancy Virginia Rail hydro 0.2029 0.2109 -0.2254 0.2022 0.5978 1.0083 1200 -0.1465 0.5406
## 821 Occupancy Warbling Vireo hydro 0.3372 0.1727 -0.0011 0.3365 0.6814 1.0021 1200 0.0562 0.6210
## 822 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch hydro 0.2639 0.2023 -0.1288 0.2614 0.6739 1.0088 1200 -0.0607 0.6035
## 823 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo hydro 0.2676 0.2111 -0.1483 0.2662 0.6984 1.0074 1035 -0.0780 0.6162
## 824 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher hydro 0.2288 0.1863 -0.1310 0.2186 0.6171 1.0009 922 -0.0637 0.5473
## 825 Occupancy Wild Turkey hydro 0.1859 0.2115 -0.2245 0.1885 0.6147 1.0017 1200 -0.1615 0.5194
## 826 Occupancy Winter Wren hydro 0.2023 0.2153 -0.2188 0.2103 0.6041 1.0078 1162 -0.1393 0.5529
## 827 Occupancy Wood Duck hydro 0.2696 0.2036 -0.0974 0.2616 0.6709 1.0004 1187 -0.0614 0.6145
## 828 Occupancy Wood Thrush hydro 0.0881 0.1780 -0.2642 0.0902 0.4473 1.0004 1200 -0.1971 0.3827
## 829 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo hydro 0.2515 0.2063 -0.1439 0.2500 0.6881 1.0035 1200 -0.0923 0.6112
## 830 Occupancy Yellow Warbler hydro 0.2212 0.1779 -0.1232 0.2200 0.5793 1.0022 1043 -0.0751 0.5011
## 831 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo hydro 0.2588 0.2003 -0.1257 0.2590 0.6439 1.0290 950 -0.0614 0.5893
## 832 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler hydro 0.2197 0.1961 -0.1843 0.2211 0.6056 0.9992 1078 -0.1233 0.5263
## 833 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher subcanopy -0.1797 0.1537 -0.4902 -0.1774 0.1075 0.9995 1200 -0.4494 0.0609
## 834 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher subcanopy -0.0276 0.2219 -0.4620 -0.0176 0.3917 1.0002 1200 -0.3908 0.3351
## 835 Occupancy American Crow subcanopy 0.0118 0.1706 -0.2984 0.0105 0.3450 1.0011 1200 -0.2534 0.2892
## 836 Occupancy American Goldfinch subcanopy -0.0167 0.2146 -0.4308 -0.0164 0.3978 1.0019 1200 -0.3823 0.3343
## 837 Occupancy American Kestrel subcanopy -0.0663 0.2273 -0.5279 -0.0679 0.3583 1.0083 1114 -0.4058 0.2951
## 838 Occupancy American Redstart subcanopy -0.0774 0.1983 -0.4940 -0.0696 0.2900 1.0073 1489 -0.4143 0.2358
## 839 Occupancy American Robin subcanopy -0.0493 0.1694 -0.3786 -0.0544 0.2981 1.0013 1200 -0.3349 0.2265
## 840 Occupancy American Woodcock subcanopy -0.0250 0.2160 -0.4542 -0.0217 0.4068 1.0002 1200 -0.3765 0.3434
## 841 Occupancy Barred Owl subcanopy -0.0951 0.2207 -0.5570 -0.0884 0.3307 1.0021 1478 -0.4686 0.2545
## 842 Occupancy Bald Eagle subcanopy 0.0517 0.2228 -0.3744 0.0507 0.5156 1.0084 1200 -0.3153 0.4308
## 843 Occupancy Bank Swallow subcanopy -0.0687 0.2247 -0.5167 -0.0637 0.3621 1.0074 1200 -0.4221 0.2977
## 844 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole subcanopy -0.0343 0.1714 -0.3827 -0.0358 0.3090 1.0103 1200 -0.3165 0.2471
## 845 Occupancy Barn Swallow subcanopy -0.0844 0.2189 -0.5378 -0.0783 0.3228 1.0098 1200 -0.4636 0.2708
## 846 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee subcanopy 0.0542 0.2213 -0.3517 0.0437 0.5198 1.0107 1200 -0.2774 0.4253
## 847 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher subcanopy 0.1489 0.1998 -0.2345 0.1423 0.5583 1.0022 1200 -0.1662 0.4756
## 848 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher subcanopy -0.0579 0.1845 -0.4109 -0.0580 0.2925 1.0024 1200 -0.3560 0.2492
## 849 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird subcanopy 0.1484 0.1928 -0.1970 0.1324 0.5648 0.9992 1200 -0.1440 0.4879
## 850 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo subcanopy 0.0100 0.2202 -0.4164 0.0097 0.4546 1.0010 1200 -0.3554 0.3736
## 851 Occupancy Blue Jay subcanopy -0.1454 0.1950 -0.5325 -0.1502 0.2500 1.0015 1200 -0.4634 0.1838
## 852 Occupancy Bobolink subcanopy -0.0366 0.2325 -0.4957 -0.0420 0.4412 1.0077 1336 -0.4122 0.3587
## 853 Occupancy Brown Creeper subcanopy 0.0897 0.1942 -0.2724 0.0778 0.4965 1.0025 1200 -0.2160 0.4279
## 854 Occupancy Brown Thrasher subcanopy -0.1000 0.2338 -0.5700 -0.0954 0.3553 1.0008 1109 -0.4798 0.2723
## 855 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler subcanopy -0.0277 0.2293 -0.4891 -0.0223 0.4168 1.0162 1200 -0.3996 0.3464
## 856 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk subcanopy 0.0588 0.2189 -0.3651 0.0577 0.5078 1.0118 1200 -0.2920 0.4174
## 857 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler subcanopy -0.0965 0.2152 -0.5227 -0.0975 0.3332 1.0028 1200 -0.4395 0.2500
## 858 Occupancy Canada Goose subcanopy 0.0468 0.2210 -0.3671 0.0346 0.5090 0.9993 1200 -0.3092 0.4228
## 859 Occupancy Carolina Wren subcanopy 0.1038 0.1837 -0.2397 0.0988 0.4772 1.0061 1200 -0.1796 0.4130
## 860 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing subcanopy -0.0920 0.1736 -0.4483 -0.0891 0.2385 1.0074 1200 -0.3869 0.2022
## 861 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler subcanopy -0.0491 0.2227 -0.4755 -0.0416 0.3975 1.0049 1200 -0.4024 0.3138
## 862 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow subcanopy -0.1371 0.1839 -0.4998 -0.1410 0.2324 1.0162 1200 -0.4437 0.1737
## 863 Occupancy Chimney Swift subcanopy -0.0230 0.1970 -0.4238 -0.0253 0.3720 1.0005 1200 -0.3463 0.3020
## 864 Occupancy Cliff Swallow subcanopy -0.0683 0.2278 -0.4935 -0.0696 0.3773 1.0011 1200 -0.4293 0.3113
## 865 Occupancy Common Grackle subcanopy -0.0541 0.1821 -0.4069 -0.0560 0.3115 1.0086 1386 -0.3533 0.2291
## 866 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk subcanopy -0.1648 0.2146 -0.5918 -0.1600 0.2334 1.0124 1200 -0.5301 0.1745
## 867 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat subcanopy -0.0988 0.1646 -0.4215 -0.0935 0.2050 1.0029 1200 -0.3782 0.1627
## 868 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco subcanopy -0.0093 0.1760 -0.3652 -0.0076 0.3271 1.0032 1200 -0.3032 0.2734
## 869 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker subcanopy 0.1032 0.2147 -0.2807 0.0970 0.5547 1.0044 1200 -0.2252 0.4768
## 870 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird subcanopy -0.1227 0.2071 -0.5588 -0.1127 0.2630 0.9997 1200 -0.4689 0.2042
## 871 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird subcanopy -0.1541 0.2158 -0.6016 -0.1480 0.2470 1.0037 1320 -0.5255 0.1804
## 872 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark subcanopy -0.0843 0.2250 -0.5421 -0.0780 0.3717 1.0094 1200 -0.4726 0.2739
## 873 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe subcanopy 0.0022 0.1791 -0.3393 -0.0018 0.3619 1.0075 1270 -0.2857 0.3014
## 874 Occupancy Eastern Towhee subcanopy -0.0434 0.1847 -0.4072 -0.0455 0.3325 1.0017 1200 -0.3332 0.2597
## 875 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee subcanopy 0.0439 0.2093 -0.3406 0.0244 0.4888 1.0017 1200 -0.2816 0.4054
## 876 Occupancy European Starling subcanopy -0.1205 0.1900 -0.5235 -0.1161 0.2348 1.0023 1235 -0.4416 0.1834
## 877 Occupancy Field Sparrow subcanopy -0.1320 0.2091 -0.5922 -0.1185 0.2467 1.0011 1200 -0.5098 0.1975
## 878 Occupancy Great Blue Heron subcanopy 0.0124 0.1990 -0.3587 0.0054 0.4090 1.0074 1200 -0.3118 0.3496
## 879 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher subcanopy -0.0181 0.2274 -0.4402 -0.0268 0.4489 1.0136 1321 -0.3895 0.3573
## 880 Occupancy Great Horned Owl subcanopy -0.0579 0.2306 -0.5291 -0.0576 0.3968 1.0092 1084 -0.4357 0.3092
## 881 Occupancy Gray Catbird subcanopy 0.0689 0.1541 -0.2179 0.0644 0.3746 1.0072 1058 -0.1782 0.3256
## 882 Occupancy Green Heron subcanopy -0.0718 0.2277 -0.5166 -0.0682 0.3719 1.0016 1200 -0.4556 0.2911
## 883 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker subcanopy 0.1487 0.2290 -0.2695 0.1412 0.6069 1.0072 1200 -0.2059 0.5326
## 884 Occupancy Herring Gull subcanopy 0.1088 0.2221 -0.3017 0.0958 0.5590 1.0012 1200 -0.2336 0.4821
## 885 Occupancy Hermit Thrush subcanopy -0.0460 0.2184 -0.4907 -0.0449 0.3702 1.0022 1321 -0.4138 0.3111
## 886 Occupancy House Finch subcanopy -0.0044 0.2022 -0.4004 -0.0122 0.3874 1.0042 1089 -0.3292 0.3208
## 887 Occupancy House Sparrow subcanopy -0.0678 0.1837 -0.4252 -0.0642 0.2935 1.0081 1200 -0.3736 0.2274
## 888 Occupancy Hooded Warbler subcanopy -0.0303 0.1576 -0.3309 -0.0337 0.2927 1.0011 1200 -0.2892 0.2306
## 889 Occupancy House Wren subcanopy -0.0913 0.1487 -0.3867 -0.0877 0.1954 1.0106 1308 -0.3441 0.1574
## 890 Occupancy Indigo Bunting subcanopy -0.0563 0.1492 -0.3512 -0.0550 0.2329 1.0107 1200 -0.3029 0.1923
## 891 Occupancy Killdeer subcanopy -0.0642 0.2130 -0.5058 -0.0604 0.3413 1.0006 1200 -0.4281 0.2830
## 892 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush subcanopy 0.1431 0.1950 -0.2241 0.1345 0.5263 1.0007 925 -0.1657 0.4725
## 893 Occupancy Mallard subcanopy -0.0888 0.2138 -0.5226 -0.0814 0.3132 1.0099 1200 -0.4464 0.2488
## 894 Occupancy Mourning Dove subcanopy -0.1607 0.2005 -0.5822 -0.1532 0.2179 1.0032 1200 -0.5298 0.1655
## 895 Occupancy Northern Cardinal subcanopy 0.0009 0.1998 -0.4012 -0.0089 0.4149 1.0021 1200 -0.3235 0.3388
## 896 Occupancy Northern Flicker subcanopy -0.0523 0.2066 -0.4552 -0.0551 0.3824 1.0030 1200 -0.3891 0.2902
## 897 Occupancy Northern Parula subcanopy 0.0082 0.2199 -0.4177 0.0049 0.4876 1.0019 1200 -0.3351 0.3734
## 898 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow subcanopy 0.0101 0.1999 -0.3932 0.0167 0.4019 1.0006 1200 -0.3168 0.3403
## 899 Occupancy Orchard Oriole subcanopy -0.0788 0.2112 -0.5037 -0.0762 0.3290 1.0238 1200 -0.4353 0.2629
## 900 Occupancy Ovenbird subcanopy -0.0022 0.1817 -0.3595 -0.0023 0.3749 1.0336 1200 -0.2955 0.3010
## 901 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker subcanopy -0.0327 0.2140 -0.4523 -0.0334 0.4107 1.0012 1371 -0.3752 0.3109
## 902 Occupancy Purple Finch subcanopy -0.0542 0.2207 -0.4872 -0.0547 0.3998 1.0108 1200 -0.4179 0.3142
## 903 Occupancy Purple Martin subcanopy -0.0324 0.2352 -0.5107 -0.0301 0.4360 1.0012 1200 -0.4241 0.3528
## 904 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak subcanopy -0.1170 0.1974 -0.5321 -0.1077 0.2419 0.9994 1200 -0.4605 0.1846
## 905 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull subcanopy 0.0945 0.1999 -0.2793 0.0933 0.4976 1.0063 1200 -0.2235 0.4238
## 906 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch subcanopy -0.0668 0.2346 -0.5440 -0.0603 0.3815 0.9996 1407 -0.4737 0.2971
## 907 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker subcanopy -0.0185 0.2115 -0.4123 -0.0243 0.4060 1.0053 1200 -0.3483 0.3339
## 908 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo subcanopy 0.0959 0.2041 -0.2742 0.0899 0.5152 1.0065 1200 -0.2243 0.4397
## 909 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker subcanopy 0.0514 0.2126 -0.3686 0.0440 0.4729 0.9993 1200 -0.2823 0.3976
## 910 Occupancy Rock Pigeon subcanopy -0.0971 0.2182 -0.5498 -0.0947 0.3288 0.9998 1200 -0.4652 0.2495
## 911 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk subcanopy -0.1320 0.2250 -0.5958 -0.1241 0.3025 1.0062 1200 -0.4989 0.2420
## 912 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk subcanopy -0.0993 0.2192 -0.5948 -0.0859 0.3210 1.0009 1262 -0.4660 0.2490
## 913 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird subcanopy 0.0236 0.2330 -0.4180 0.0158 0.5210 1.0051 1050 -0.3338 0.4287
## 914 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird subcanopy -0.3538 0.1988 -0.7722 -0.3414 0.0115 1.0016 1200 -0.6899 -0.0457
## 915 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow subcanopy -0.0629 0.2313 -0.5194 -0.0613 0.3762 1.0064 1200 -0.4401 0.3107
## 916 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager subcanopy -0.0374 0.2079 -0.4369 -0.0517 0.3756 1.0087 1306 -0.3628 0.3079
## 917 Occupancy Song Sparrow subcanopy -0.1569 0.1517 -0.4589 -0.1549 0.1417 0.9999 1200 -0.4073 0.0920
## 918 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow subcanopy -0.0313 0.2140 -0.4645 -0.0294 0.3887 1.0125 1200 -0.3890 0.3312
## 919 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler subcanopy -0.0370 0.2275 -0.4983 -0.0362 0.4024 1.0080 1200 -0.3974 0.3355
## 920 Occupancy Tree Swallow subcanopy -0.0746 0.2129 -0.4931 -0.0685 0.3380 1.0103 1467 -0.4120 0.2681
## 921 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse subcanopy -0.1759 0.2276 -0.6121 -0.1775 0.2800 1.0100 1200 -0.5461 0.1928
## 922 Occupancy Turkey Vulture subcanopy -0.1717 0.2241 -0.6544 -0.1560 0.2386 1.0013 1121 -0.5667 0.1636
## 923 Occupancy Veery subcanopy 0.1131 0.1965 -0.2427 0.0967 0.5337 1.0028 1200 -0.1970 0.4356
## 924 Occupancy Virginia Rail subcanopy -0.0262 0.2265 -0.4787 -0.0253 0.4498 1.0005 1200 -0.3953 0.3419
## 925 Occupancy Warbling Vireo subcanopy -0.0679 0.1799 -0.4380 -0.0666 0.2763 1.0013 1200 -0.3730 0.2292
## 926 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch subcanopy 0.0808 0.2305 -0.3439 0.0693 0.5781 1.0107 1200 -0.2723 0.4783
## 927 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo subcanopy 0.0190 0.2226 -0.4090 0.0169 0.4690 1.0009 1200 -0.3396 0.3748
## 928 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher subcanopy -0.0883 0.2119 -0.5212 -0.0823 0.3318 1.0149 1200 -0.4600 0.2486
## 929 Occupancy Wild Turkey subcanopy -0.0889 0.2132 -0.5203 -0.0791 0.3007 1.0068 1116 -0.4426 0.2571
## 930 Occupancy Winter Wren subcanopy -0.0099 0.2119 -0.4147 -0.0077 0.4037 1.0002 1200 -0.3709 0.3326
## 931 Occupancy Wood Duck subcanopy -0.0057 0.2221 -0.4259 -0.0112 0.4642 1.0001 1320 -0.3665 0.3510
## 932 Occupancy Wood Thrush subcanopy 0.0486 0.1945 -0.2948 0.0372 0.4735 1.0022 1200 -0.2544 0.4017
## 933 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo subcanopy -0.0115 0.2214 -0.4658 -0.0141 0.4215 1.0103 1200 -0.3577 0.3657
## 934 Occupancy Yellow Warbler subcanopy -0.2363 0.1911 -0.6448 -0.2265 0.0937 1.0028 1200 -0.5579 0.0604
## 935 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo subcanopy -0.0501 0.2027 -0.4592 -0.0539 0.3456 1.0156 1083 -0.3909 0.2806
## 936 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler subcanopy -0.1241 0.2164 -0.5827 -0.1133 0.2813 1.0120 1200 -0.4979 0.2159
## 937 Occupancy Acadian Flycatcher canopy -0.1580 0.1620 -0.4790 -0.1559 0.1576 1.0029 812 -0.4222 0.1007
## 938 Occupancy Alder Flycatcher canopy -0.1485 0.2569 -0.6664 -0.1320 0.3206 1.0087 1200 -0.5839 0.2664
## 939 Occupancy American Crow canopy 0.0381 0.1856 -0.3347 0.0358 0.4040 1.0005 1200 -0.2588 0.3502
## 940 Occupancy American Goldfinch canopy 0.0510 0.2291 -0.3841 0.0520 0.5068 1.0061 1200 -0.3205 0.4307
## 941 Occupancy American Kestrel canopy 0.1032 0.2566 -0.3701 0.0884 0.6733 1.0018 1200 -0.2935 0.5522
## 942 Occupancy American Redstart canopy -0.0599 0.2163 -0.4925 -0.0589 0.3541 1.0015 1200 -0.4220 0.2917
## 943 Occupancy American Robin canopy -0.0838 0.2169 -0.5082 -0.0807 0.3331 1.0204 1200 -0.4333 0.2633
## 944 Occupancy American Woodcock canopy -0.0919 0.2434 -0.5819 -0.0893 0.3760 1.0022 1200 -0.4972 0.2971
## 945 Occupancy Barred Owl canopy -0.2994 0.2538 -0.8650 -0.2790 0.1441 1.0000 1147 -0.7488 0.0856
## 946 Occupancy Bald Eagle canopy -0.0713 0.2517 -0.5786 -0.0697 0.4242 1.0038 1200 -0.4868 0.3270
## 947 Occupancy Bank Swallow canopy -0.0407 0.2508 -0.5155 -0.0418 0.4929 1.0026 1070 -0.4385 0.3740
## 948 Occupancy Baltimore Oriole canopy -0.0883 0.2038 -0.5014 -0.0865 0.3162 1.0022 1200 -0.4347 0.2445
## 949 Occupancy Barn Swallow canopy -0.1564 0.2263 -0.6209 -0.1545 0.2806 1.0081 1200 -0.5348 0.1994
## 950 Occupancy Black-capped Chickadee canopy -0.1228 0.2258 -0.5870 -0.1187 0.3262 1.0060 1306 -0.5054 0.2434
## 951 Occupancy Belted Kingfisher canopy -0.1104 0.2203 -0.5471 -0.1050 0.3170 1.0077 1200 -0.4779 0.2555
## 952 Occupancy Blue-gray Gnatcatcher canopy 0.1333 0.1923 -0.2361 0.1244 0.5107 1.0009 1200 -0.1733 0.4655
## 953 Occupancy Brown-headed Cowbird canopy 0.0266 0.1984 -0.3583 0.0299 0.4158 1.0172 1200 -0.3025 0.3552
## 954 Occupancy Blue-headed Vireo canopy -0.0693 0.2561 -0.6124 -0.0581 0.4320 1.0052 1532 -0.4963 0.3591
## 955 Occupancy Blue Jay canopy -0.1116 0.1942 -0.5070 -0.1072 0.2713 1.0051 1200 -0.4405 0.2101
## 956 Occupancy Bobolink canopy -0.0624 0.2616 -0.5938 -0.0623 0.4571 0.9998 1200 -0.4750 0.3693
## 957 Occupancy Brown Creeper canopy 0.2121 0.2252 -0.1918 0.2072 0.6749 1.0061 1200 -0.1321 0.5910
## 958 Occupancy Brown Thrasher canopy -0.1963 0.2440 -0.7116 -0.1921 0.2447 1.0036 1200 -0.6089 0.1840
## 959 Occupancy Black-throated Green Warbler canopy -0.0717 0.2510 -0.5746 -0.0735 0.4234 1.0027 1355 -0.5010 0.3481
## 960 Occupancy Broad-winged Hawk canopy -0.1150 0.2523 -0.6274 -0.1100 0.3564 1.0009 1200 -0.5484 0.2856
## 961 Occupancy Blue-winged Warbler canopy -0.1614 0.2266 -0.6479 -0.1563 0.2951 1.0069 1200 -0.5484 0.2031
## 962 Occupancy Canada Goose canopy 0.1290 0.2507 -0.3486 0.1175 0.6385 1.0030 782 -0.2603 0.5654
## 963 Occupancy Carolina Wren canopy -0.0711 0.2108 -0.4964 -0.0746 0.3327 1.0012 1105 -0.4203 0.2743
## 964 Occupancy Cedar Waxwing canopy -0.1540 0.1930 -0.5550 -0.1394 0.2139 0.9995 1200 -0.4929 0.1574
## 965 Occupancy Cerulean Warbler canopy -0.0704 0.2671 -0.5798 -0.0784 0.4683 0.9996 1100 -0.5056 0.3642
## 966 Occupancy Chipping Sparrow canopy 0.0425 0.1857 -0.3248 0.0387 0.4142 1.0025 1416 -0.2627 0.3541
## 967 Occupancy Chimney Swift canopy -0.0842 0.1944 -0.4591 -0.0783 0.2773 1.0046 1200 -0.4099 0.2205
## 968 Occupancy Cliff Swallow canopy -0.2020 0.2485 -0.6985 -0.1983 0.2664 1.0035 1200 -0.6186 0.1906
## 969 Occupancy Common Grackle canopy -0.1628 0.2092 -0.5974 -0.1555 0.2374 1.0003 1200 -0.5389 0.1623
## 970 Occupancy Cooper's Hawk canopy -0.0694 0.2324 -0.5375 -0.0730 0.3839 0.9998 1200 -0.4578 0.3108
## 971 Occupancy Common Yellowthroat canopy -0.4488 0.1911 -0.8437 -0.4439 -0.0829 1.0061 1200 -0.7723 -0.1436
## 972 Occupancy Dark-eyed Junco canopy 0.1920 0.2199 -0.2169 0.1864 0.6408 1.0010 1200 -0.1569 0.5645
## 973 Occupancy Downy Woodpecker canopy -0.1148 0.2345 -0.5936 -0.1116 0.3524 1.0056 1200 -0.5097 0.2598
## 974 Occupancy Eastern Bluebird canopy -0.1780 0.2063 -0.5769 -0.1700 0.2180 1.0040 1200 -0.5214 0.1663
## 975 Occupancy Eastern Kingbird canopy 0.0427 0.2202 -0.3737 0.0401 0.4897 1.0008 1200 -0.3106 0.4112
## 976 Occupancy Eastern Meadowlark canopy 0.0549 0.2499 -0.3858 0.0417 0.5953 1.0048 1200 -0.3266 0.4864
## 977 Occupancy Eastern Phoebe canopy 0.2521 0.2181 -0.1502 0.2411 0.7134 1.0006 1200 -0.0739 0.6368
## 978 Occupancy Eastern Towhee canopy -0.2227 0.1965 -0.6217 -0.2213 0.1575 1.0025 1078 -0.5604 0.0967
## 979 Occupancy Eastern Wood-Pewee canopy 0.0380 0.2003 -0.3450 0.0303 0.4225 1.0117 1200 -0.2718 0.3593
## 980 Occupancy European Starling canopy 0.0178 0.1854 -0.3714 0.0181 0.3835 1.0001 1200 -0.2855 0.3217
## 981 Occupancy Field Sparrow canopy -0.2603 0.2168 -0.7045 -0.2537 0.1526 1.0037 1200 -0.6259 0.0738
## 982 Occupancy Great Blue Heron canopy -0.0457 0.2201 -0.4702 -0.0494 0.4079 1.0059 1200 -0.4050 0.3298
## 983 Occupancy Great Crested Flycatcher canopy -0.1468 0.2320 -0.5891 -0.1432 0.3045 1.0100 1114 -0.5290 0.2276
## 984 Occupancy Great Horned Owl canopy -0.0926 0.2449 -0.5943 -0.0948 0.3988 1.0081 1200 -0.5056 0.3060
## 985 Occupancy Gray Catbird canopy 0.0478 0.1634 -0.2488 0.0498 0.3756 1.0118 1231 -0.2054 0.3067
## 986 Occupancy Green Heron canopy 0.0087 0.2543 -0.4567 -0.0091 0.5252 1.0055 1338 -0.4004 0.4476
## 987 Occupancy Hairy Woodpecker canopy -0.1746 0.2628 -0.6789 -0.1777 0.3299 1.0052 1516 -0.5970 0.2480
## 988 Occupancy Herring Gull canopy -0.0845 0.2500 -0.5926 -0.0816 0.4259 1.0308 1200 -0.4834 0.3214
## 989 Occupancy Hermit Thrush canopy -0.0710 0.2496 -0.5382 -0.0695 0.4295 1.0058 1200 -0.4651 0.3345
## 990 Occupancy House Finch canopy -0.0734 0.2234 -0.5101 -0.0712 0.3815 1.0051 1200 -0.4383 0.2720
## 991 Occupancy House Sparrow canopy 0.1328 0.1837 -0.2271 0.1238 0.5103 1.0000 1200 -0.1643 0.4475
## 992 Occupancy Hooded Warbler canopy 0.1317 0.1798 -0.2143 0.1233 0.5096 1.0004 1200 -0.1545 0.4394
## 993 Occupancy House Wren canopy -0.0816 0.1581 -0.3923 -0.0782 0.2340 1.0074 1200 -0.3486 0.1760
## 994 Occupancy Indigo Bunting canopy -0.0933 0.1500 -0.3903 -0.0941 0.1945 1.0089 1200 -0.3398 0.1462
## 995 Occupancy Killdeer canopy 0.2610 0.2342 -0.1633 0.2465 0.7737 1.0009 1200 -0.1037 0.6466
## 996 Occupancy Louisiana Waterthrush canopy -0.1056 0.2106 -0.5101 -0.1007 0.3157 1.0034 1200 -0.4552 0.2392
## 997 Occupancy Mallard canopy 0.0014 0.2352 -0.4467 -0.0021 0.4868 1.0057 1200 -0.3618 0.3924
## 998 Occupancy Mourning Dove canopy 0.0200 0.1964 -0.3588 0.0196 0.4114 1.0178 1063 -0.2884 0.3581
## 999 Occupancy Northern Cardinal canopy -0.3319 0.2165 -0.7627 -0.3256 0.0950 1.0056 1200 -0.6935 0.0231
## 1000 Occupancy Northern Flicker canopy -0.0422 0.2238 -0.4807 -0.0393 0.3755 1.0141 1200 -0.3995 0.3273
## 1001 Occupancy Northern Parula canopy -0.0510 0.2643 -0.5647 -0.0442 0.4642 0.9995 1337 -0.4708 0.3814
## 1002 Occupancy Northern Rough-winged Swallow canopy 0.0042 0.2183 -0.4212 -0.0016 0.4295 1.0041 1200 -0.3408 0.3558
## 1003 Occupancy Orchard Oriole canopy -0.3400 0.2401 -0.8403 -0.3203 0.0817 1.0172 1200 -0.7609 0.0258
## 1004 Occupancy Ovenbird canopy -0.2391 0.2231 -0.6868 -0.2323 0.1813 1.0004 1314 -0.6106 0.1150
## 1005 Occupancy Pileated Woodpecker canopy -0.1712 0.2318 -0.6309 -0.1725 0.2823 1.0011 1012 -0.5524 0.2274
## 1006 Occupancy Purple Finch canopy -0.0123 0.2579 -0.5028 -0.0110 0.4903 1.0023 1200 -0.4131 0.4003
## 1007 Occupancy Purple Martin canopy -0.0675 0.2630 -0.5718 -0.0660 0.4427 0.9991 1403 -0.4863 0.3679
## 1008 Occupancy Rose-breasted Grosbeak canopy -0.1090 0.2233 -0.6016 -0.1082 0.3219 1.0025 1463 -0.4680 0.2585
## 1009 Occupancy Ring-billed Gull canopy -0.1404 0.2142 -0.5824 -0.1356 0.2789 0.9995 1200 -0.5083 0.2061
## 1010 Occupancy Red-breasted Nuthatch canopy -0.0869 0.2592 -0.6057 -0.0788 0.4283 1.0092 1316 -0.5229 0.3320
## 1011 Occupancy Red-bellied Woodpecker canopy -0.0230 0.2321 -0.4560 -0.0227 0.4409 1.0024 1200 -0.3777 0.3555
## 1012 Occupancy Red-eyed Vireo canopy -0.0717 0.1924 -0.4753 -0.0691 0.2999 1.0183 1207 -0.3985 0.2351
## 1013 Occupancy Red-headed Woodpecker canopy -0.0533 0.2385 -0.5380 -0.0561 0.4084 1.0081 1200 -0.4366 0.3301
## 1014 Occupancy Rock Pigeon canopy 0.1152 0.2619 -0.3733 0.1042 0.6591 1.0049 1443 -0.2881 0.5610
## 1015 Occupancy Red-shouldered Hawk canopy -0.1580 0.2635 -0.6879 -0.1638 0.3253 1.0229 1091 -0.5800 0.2460
## 1016 Occupancy Red-tailed Hawk canopy -0.0367 0.2278 -0.4833 -0.0432 0.4208 1.0295 1081 -0.3883 0.3583
## 1017 Occupancy Ruby-throated Hummingbird canopy -0.1287 0.2597 -0.6471 -0.1271 0.3563 0.9998 1200 -0.5704 0.2929
## 1018 Occupancy Red-winged Blackbird canopy -0.0761 0.1570 -0.3853 -0.0761 0.2258 1.0139 1074 -0.3460 0.1844
## 1019 Occupancy Savannah Sparrow canopy 0.1111 0.2605 -0.3451 0.0932 0.6549 1.0017 1343 -0.2806 0.5563
## 1020 Occupancy Scarlet Tanager canopy -0.2044 0.2039 -0.5768 -0.2108 0.2081 0.9992 1401 -0.5306 0.1408
## 1021 Occupancy Song Sparrow canopy -0.0516 0.1579 -0.3775 -0.0478 0.2554 1.0026 1289 -0.3205 0.2017
## 1022 Occupancy Swamp Sparrow canopy -0.3165 0.2358 -0.8034 -0.3074 0.1251 1.0011 1200 -0.7182 0.0538
## 1023 Occupancy Tennessee Warbler canopy -0.0657 0.2580 -0.6022 -0.0612 0.4382 1.0041 1077 -0.4924 0.3550
## 1024 Occupancy Tree Swallow canopy -0.2351 0.2198 -0.6943 -0.2300 0.1604 1.0014 1200 -0.5920 0.1122
## 1025 Occupancy Tufted Titmouse canopy -0.1127 0.2208 -0.5555 -0.1127 0.3076 1.0079 1200 -0.4822 0.2365
## 1026 Occupancy Turkey Vulture canopy -0.0946 0.2189 -0.5164 -0.0953 0.3176 1.0027 1200 -0.4479 0.2664
## 1027 Occupancy Veery canopy 0.0132 0.2298 -0.4363 0.0182 0.4544 1.0076 1200 -0.3688 0.3801
## 1028 Occupancy Virginia Rail canopy -0.0706 0.2551 -0.5890 -0.0699 0.4251 1.0008 1200 -0.4722 0.3566
## 1029 Occupancy Warbling Vireo canopy 0.0484 0.1852 -0.3046 0.0434 0.4288 1.0034 1200 -0.2530 0.3684
## 1030 Occupancy White-breasted Nuthatch canopy -0.1758 0.2436 -0.6842 -0.1652 0.3070 1.0043 1200 -0.5782 0.2175
## 1031 Occupancy White-eyed Vireo canopy -0.1261 0.2501 -0.6581 -0.1226 0.3596 1.0018 1200 -0.5560 0.2869
## 1032 Occupancy Willow Flycatcher canopy -0.2775 0.2234 -0.7334 -0.2740 0.1421 1.0006 1200 -0.6551 0.0948
## 1033 Occupancy Wild Turkey canopy -0.0113 0.2409 -0.4831 -0.0101 0.4480 0.9998 1200 -0.4038 0.3819
## 1034 Occupancy Winter Wren canopy 0.0038 0.2405 -0.4447 -0.0115 0.4937 1.0051 1200 -0.3708 0.4059
## 1035 Occupancy Wood Duck canopy -0.1555 0.2488 -0.6683 -0.1484 0.3244 1.0129 1200 -0.5825 0.2488
## 1036 Occupancy Wood Thrush canopy -0.0673 0.1721 -0.3899 -0.0717 0.2692 1.0180 1200 -0.3453 0.2098
## 1037 Occupancy Yellow-billed Cuckoo canopy -0.1405 0.2473 -0.6289 -0.1282 0.3419 1.0047 1331 -0.5516 0.2620
## 1038 Occupancy Yellow Warbler canopy -0.0924 0.1795 -0.4323 -0.0842 0.2456 1.0170 1052 -0.3847 0.1920
## 1039 Occupancy Yellow-throated Vireo canopy 0.1148 0.2352 -0.3425 0.1079 0.5876 1.0033 1200 -0.2604 0.4957
## 1040 Occupancy Yellow-throated Warbler canopy -0.0787 0.2414 -0.5609 -0.0815 0.4042 1.0109 1100 -0.4773 0.3197
## 1041 Detection Acadian Flycatcher Intercept 0.8643 0.1472 0.5837 0.8627 1.1588 1.0117 1200 0.6268 1.1074
## 1042 Detection Alder Flycatcher Intercept -1.6741 1.1155 -3.9022 -1.6506 0.3571 1.0045 729 -3.5421 0.0867
## 1043 Detection American Crow Intercept -0.6797 0.2610 -1.2134 -0.6687 -0.1782 1.0233 1096 -1.1106 -0.2599
## 1044 Detection American Goldfinch Intercept 0.0759 0.1251 -0.1692 0.0754 0.3178 1.0038 1407 -0.1255 0.2774
## 1045 Detection American Kestrel Intercept -1.6279 1.1333 -3.8276 -1.6246 0.5440 0.9994 738 -3.4474 0.1391
## 1046 Detection American Redstart Intercept -0.9466 0.5703 -2.1727 -0.9210 0.0832 1.0114 1200 -1.9214 -0.0462
## 1047 Detection American Robin Intercept 0.9939 0.1206 0.7597 0.9922 1.2358 1.0026 1200 0.7997 1.1941
## 1048 Detection American Woodcock Intercept -0.9530 0.9482 -2.9104 -0.9113 0.8569 1.0032 990 -2.5889 0.5041
## 1049 Detection Barred Owl Intercept -2.1231 0.9325 -4.0167 -2.1114 -0.2796 1.0287 590 -3.6258 -0.5466
## 1050 Detection Bald Eagle Intercept -1.9964 0.9420 -3.9578 -1.9620 -0.2381 1.0073 627 -3.6670 -0.5114
## 1051 Detection Bank Swallow Intercept -1.7574 0.9713 -3.7881 -1.7247 0.1171 1.0188 854 -3.3810 -0.1768
## 1052 Detection Baltimore Oriole Intercept -0.7448 0.2110 -1.1841 -0.7332 -0.3466 1.0031 1200 -1.0935 -0.4098
## 1053 Detection Barn Swallow Intercept -1.6559 0.6026 -2.9254 -1.6084 -0.6129 0.9993 845 -2.7301 -0.7499
## 1054 Detection Black-capped Chickadee Intercept 0.0757 0.1115 -0.1376 0.0746 0.2951 1.0012 1200 -0.1076 0.2604
## 1055 Detection Belted Kingfisher Intercept -1.8563 0.4920 -2.7989 -1.8545 -0.9245 1.0032 967 -2.6586 -1.0701
## 1056 Detection Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Intercept -0.4660 0.1551 -0.7626 -0.4674 -0.1493 1.0008 1200 -0.7226 -0.2045
## 1057 Detection Brown-headed Cowbird Intercept -0.1625 0.1293 -0.4125 -0.1628 0.0896 1.0002 1200 -0.3750 0.0481
## 1058 Detection Blue-headed Vireo Intercept -1.7868 1.1225 -4.1819 -1.7279 0.2893 1.0074 838 -3.7578 0.0027
## 1059 Detection Blue Jay Intercept 0.5165 0.1248 0.2701 0.5119 0.7618 1.0070 984 0.3161 0.7210
## 1060 Detection Bobolink Intercept -1.4705 1.3344 -4.1477 -1.4097 1.0013 1.0049 992 -3.6925 0.5897
## 1061 Detection Brown Creeper Intercept -1.1108 0.4489 -2.0195 -1.0909 -0.2722 1.0113 1200 -1.8631 -0.3894
## 1062 Detection Brown Thrasher Intercept -1.8445 0.7174 -3.2452 -1.8389 -0.4842 1.0006 1007 -3.0059 -0.6584
## 1063 Detection Black-throated Green Warbler Intercept -1.4131 1.2808 -4.0164 -1.3846 0.9837 1.0108 862 -3.5002 0.6086
## 1064 Detection Broad-winged Hawk Intercept -1.8369 0.9920 -3.7905 -1.7817 -0.0117 1.0001 777 -3.4760 -0.2393
## 1065 Detection Blue-winged Warbler Intercept -1.2623 0.7312 -2.8296 -1.1972 0.0600 1.0160 838 -2.5011 -0.0892
## 1066 Detection Canada Goose Intercept -2.4707 0.6821 -3.7220 -2.4716 -1.1015 1.0257 495 -3.5952 -1.3152
## 1067 Detection Carolina Wren Intercept -0.9941 0.2265 -1.4481 -0.9977 -0.5628 1.0212 1357 -1.3749 -0.6213
## 1068 Detection Cedar Waxwing Intercept -0.7265 0.2102 -1.1252 -0.7273 -0.3037 1.0007 1200 -1.0652 -0.3833
## 1069 Detection Cerulean Warbler Intercept -1.4238 1.2630 -3.9153 -1.4236 1.0922 1.0155 778 -3.4978 0.6124
## 1070 Detection Chipping Sparrow Intercept -1.0054 0.3707 -1.7857 -0.9934 -0.3435 1.0006 1200 -1.6522 -0.4145
## 1071 Detection Chimney Swift Intercept -0.9357 0.2142 -1.3594 -0.9382 -0.5245 1.0024 1027 -1.2937 -0.5787
## 1072 Detection Cliff Swallow Intercept -1.8367 1.0922 -4.0150 -1.8012 0.1658 1.0030 639 -3.6981 -0.1208
## 1073 Detection Common Grackle Intercept -1.1873 0.2294 -1.6391 -1.1950 -0.7279 1.0128 1380 -1.5606 -0.8116
## 1074 Detection Cooper's Hawk Intercept -1.2478 0.6727 -2.6828 -1.2280 0.0787 1.0016 1235 -2.4540 -0.2002
## 1075 Detection Common Yellowthroat Intercept 0.1028 0.2097 -0.3049 0.1085 0.5048 1.0355 1357 -0.2395 0.4558
## 1076 Detection Dark-eyed Junco Intercept -0.9113 0.4098 -1.7383 -0.8948 -0.1659 0.9994 1200 -1.6068 -0.2767
## 1077 Detection Downy Woodpecker Intercept -0.0589 0.1286 -0.3064 -0.0586 0.1883 1.0195 1200 -0.2704 0.1512
## 1078 Detection Eastern Bluebird Intercept -1.4942 0.3896 -2.2935 -1.4851 -0.7693 1.0166 959 -2.1398 -0.8748
## 1079 Detection Eastern Kingbird Intercept -0.4291 0.5149 -1.4336 -0.4211 0.5673 1.0136 1200 -1.2666 0.4599
## 1080 Detection Eastern Meadowlark Intercept -0.9043 0.9187 -2.7650 -0.8630 0.7879 1.0029 1320 -2.4745 0.5381
## 1081 Detection Eastern Phoebe Intercept -1.1379 0.4401 -2.0233 -1.1184 -0.2874 1.0040 1200 -1.8792 -0.4544
## 1082 Detection Eastern Towhee Intercept -0.5204 0.2702 -1.0620 -0.5209 -0.0029 1.0073 1200 -0.9564 -0.0877
## 1083 Detection Eastern Wood-Pewee Intercept 1.0280 0.1189 0.7945 1.0212 1.2633 1.0073 1200 0.8374 1.2274
## 1084 Detection European Starling Intercept -0.5333 0.3281 -1.1785 -0.5247 0.0905 0.9996 1200 -1.0908 -0.0085
## 1085 Detection Field Sparrow Intercept 0.7355 0.3961 -0.0553 0.7252 1.4843 1.0020 1200 0.0784 1.3697
## 1086 Detection Great Blue Heron Intercept -1.8673 0.7224 -3.4583 -1.8091 -0.5656 1.0068 772 -3.1623 -0.7614
## 1087 Detection Great Crested Flycatcher Intercept -1.1196 0.1908 -1.4849 -1.1226 -0.7404 1.0131 890 -1.4366 -0.7951
## 1088 Detection Great Horned Owl Intercept -1.8683 1.2221 -4.4594 -1.8284 0.4145 1.0121 627 -4.0969 0.0593
## 1089 Detection Gray Catbird Intercept 0.1520 0.1641 -0.1766 0.1560 0.4633 1.0161 1200 -0.1268 0.4172
## 1090 Detection Green Heron Intercept -1.7350 1.1629 -4.0856 -1.7016 0.4264 1.0097 787 -3.7752 0.1287
## 1091 Detection Hairy Woodpecker Intercept -1.7415 0.2663 -2.2815 -1.7310 -1.2302 1.0136 841 -2.1851 -1.3014
## 1092 Detection Herring Gull Intercept -0.5064 1.0113 -2.5534 -0.4446 1.3215 0.9999 1200 -2.2683 1.0595
## 1093 Detection Hermit Thrush Intercept 0.5429 0.8029 -1.0748 0.5285 2.1675 1.0013 1200 -0.7537 1.8752
## 1094 Detection House Finch Intercept -1.8377 0.4478 -2.6998 -1.8331 -0.9561 1.0242 890 -2.5746 -1.1312
## 1095 Detection House Sparrow Intercept -0.2962 0.2909 -0.8856 -0.2965 0.2578 1.0000 1327 -0.7742 0.1797
## 1096 Detection Hooded Warbler Intercept 0.1753 0.2027 -0.2112 0.1740 0.5865 1.0030 1200 -0.1664 0.5080
## 1097 Detection House Wren Intercept 0.4640 0.1592 0.1455 0.4705 0.7518 0.9993 1200 0.1948 0.7169
## 1098 Detection Indigo Bunting Intercept 0.0933 0.1658 -0.2318 0.0970 0.4259 1.0055 983 -0.1754 0.3703
## 1099 Detection Killdeer Intercept -0.9432 0.5912 -2.0994 -0.9184 0.1337 1.0123 1003 -1.9807 -0.0357
## 1100 Detection Louisiana Waterthrush Intercept -0.9444 0.5278 -2.0265 -0.9172 -0.0144 1.0078 1200 -1.8706 -0.1276
## 1101 Detection Mallard Intercept -1.8839 0.8827 -3.7381 -1.8007 -0.3214 1.0321 479 -3.4326 -0.5220
## 1102 Detection Mourning Dove Intercept -1.3790 0.3666 -2.0841 -1.3802 -0.6558 1.0101 1200 -1.9927 -0.7894
## 1103 Detection Northern Cardinal Intercept 0.8398 0.1182 0.5980 0.8438 1.0679 1.0053 1200 0.6450 1.0357
## 1104 Detection Northern Flicker Intercept -1.7088 0.3163 -2.2743 -1.7312 -1.0598 1.0040 787 -2.1830 -1.1682
## 1105 Detection Northern Parula Intercept -1.6405 1.0742 -3.8835 -1.6044 0.3293 1.0072 879 -3.4650 0.0158
## 1106 Detection Northern Rough-winged Swallow Intercept -1.6007 0.6056 -2.8328 -1.5879 -0.4858 1.0021 957 -2.6297 -0.6418
## 1107 Detection Orchard Oriole Intercept -1.0196 0.4229 -1.8503 -1.0169 -0.2320 1.0040 1200 -1.7180 -0.2983
## 1108 Detection Ovenbird Intercept -0.2079 0.4510 -1.1550 -0.1855 0.6311 1.0057 1215 -0.9560 0.4868
## 1109 Detection Pileated Woodpecker Intercept -1.8097 0.3005 -2.3579 -1.8209 -1.2412 1.0039 742 -2.2907 -1.3123
## 1110 Detection Purple Finch Intercept -1.7235 1.1111 -3.9456 -1.7424 0.5837 1.0187 748 -3.6376 0.0618
## 1111 Detection Purple Martin Intercept -1.5118 1.3291 -4.1105 -1.4958 1.0500 1.0002 1014 -3.7995 0.7071
## 1112 Detection Rose-breasted Grosbeak Intercept -1.3327 0.3259 -1.9571 -1.3292 -0.7090 1.0040 855 -1.8789 -0.8033
## 1113 Detection Ring-billed Gull Intercept -0.8809 0.5683 -2.0897 -0.8566 0.1216 1.0003 648 -1.8103 -0.0205
## 1114 Detection Red-breasted Nuthatch Intercept -1.7810 1.1536 -4.1967 -1.7196 0.2994 1.0022 672 -3.7854 0.0540
## 1115 Detection Red-bellied Woodpecker Intercept 0.3512 0.1094 0.1342 0.3522 0.5645 1.0000 1200 0.1724 0.5309
## 1116 Detection Red-eyed Vireo Intercept 0.9779 0.1124 0.7648 0.9796 1.2020 1.0021 1446 0.7896 1.1626
## 1117 Detection Red-headed Woodpecker Intercept -1.8149 0.8086 -3.5041 -1.7591 -0.3246 1.0018 770 -3.1948 -0.5814
## 1118 Detection Rock Pigeon Intercept -1.7875 0.9944 -3.8305 -1.7442 0.0261 0.9990 812 -3.4129 -0.1877
## 1119 Detection Red-shouldered Hawk Intercept -2.6709 0.5866 -3.6697 -2.7314 -1.4228 1.0163 420 -3.5466 -1.6617
## 1120 Detection Red-tailed Hawk Intercept -2.3845 0.6453 -3.6028 -2.3783 -1.1120 1.0280 402 -3.4122 -1.3376
## 1121 Detection Ruby-throated Hummingbird Intercept -2.4496 0.2736 -2.9486 -2.4767 -1.8809 1.0004 820 -2.8826 -1.9897
## 1122 Detection Red-winged Blackbird Intercept 0.5980 0.2025 0.2198 0.5905 0.9998 1.0003 1462 0.2770 0.9475
## 1123 Detection Savannah Sparrow Intercept -0.5520 1.0493 -2.7143 -0.5236 1.3909 0.9996 1200 -2.3353 1.1310
## 1124 Detection Scarlet Tanager Intercept -0.5934 0.1628 -0.9025 -0.6039 -0.2612 1.0033 1200 -0.8566 -0.3162
## 1125 Detection Song Sparrow Intercept 0.8645 0.1554 0.5658 0.8678 1.1596 1.0001 1200 0.6153 1.1076
## 1126 Detection Swamp Sparrow Intercept 0.3635 0.5625 -0.7266 0.3428 1.4658 1.0023 1351 -0.5748 1.2995
## 1127 Detection Tennessee Warbler Intercept -1.4303 1.3505 -4.0629 -1.4535 1.2601 1.0007 832 -3.6931 0.7485
## 1128 Detection Tree Swallow Intercept -0.8026 0.5309 -1.8999 -0.7871 0.2283 0.9998 1200 -1.7292 0.0371
## 1129 Detection Tufted Titmouse Intercept 0.6576 0.1113 0.4539 0.6615 0.8861 1.0028 1368 0.4778 0.8455
## 1130 Detection Turkey Vulture Intercept -2.4491 0.6222 -3.6384 -2.4809 -1.1709 1.0005 681 -3.4272 -1.3834
## 1131 Detection Veery Intercept -1.2947 0.5228 -2.3640 -1.2833 -0.3025 1.0060 994 -2.1902 -0.4173
## 1132 Detection Virginia Rail Intercept -1.4806 1.3193 -4.0210 -1.5112 1.1589 1.0070 881 -3.6123 0.7821
## 1133 Detection Warbling Vireo Intercept -0.0244 0.2801 -0.5786 -0.0177 0.4980 1.0198 1200 -0.4968 0.4227
## 1134 Detection White-breasted Nuthatch Intercept -0.2800 0.1261 -0.5327 -0.2818 -0.0251 1.0007 1200 -0.4849 -0.0705
## 1135 Detection White-eyed Vireo Intercept 0.1657 0.9943 -1.8028 0.1673 2.1732 1.0055 1096 -1.4582 1.8157
## 1136 Detection Willow Flycatcher Intercept -0.2385 0.4419 -1.1316 -0.2300 0.5933 1.0092 1200 -1.0006 0.4597
## 1137 Detection Wild Turkey Intercept -2.3893 0.9984 -4.4171 -2.3021 -0.6552 1.0080 311 -4.1397 -0.8417
## 1138 Detection Winter Wren Intercept -0.9300 0.9364 -2.8922 -0.9029 0.7728 1.0092 984 -2.5027 0.5341
## 1139 Detection Wood Duck Intercept -1.9061 0.9914 -3.8993 -1.8636 -0.0854 1.0003 791 -3.6356 -0.3322
## 1140 Detection Wood Thrush Intercept -0.2613 0.1573 -0.5751 -0.2575 0.0385 1.0015 1200 -0.5351 -0.0080
## 1141 Detection Yellow-billed Cuckoo Intercept -2.4364 0.8146 -4.0035 -2.4027 -0.8602 1.0191 496 -3.8012 -1.1591
## 1142 Detection Yellow Warbler Intercept -0.0640 0.2214 -0.4793 -0.0699 0.3739 1.0190 1200 -0.4373 0.3085
## 1143 Detection Yellow-throated Vireo Intercept -1.6012 0.5299 -2.7454 -1.5778 -0.6005 1.0231 732 -2.5139 -0.7716
## 1144 Detection Yellow-throated Warbler Intercept -1.4045 0.7624 -3.1879 -1.3652 -0.0613 1.0388 659 -2.7397 -0.2909
## 1145 Detection Acadian Flycatcher day 0.0986 0.1299 -0.1620 0.0974 0.3501 1.0097 1200 -0.1108 0.3090
## 1146 Detection Alder Flycatcher day 0.1548 0.1907 -0.2162 0.1515 0.5384 1.0110 1200 -0.1460 0.4681
## 1147 Detection American Crow day 0.2758 0.1274 0.0261 0.2783 0.5125 1.0226 1200 0.0683 0.4826
## 1148 Detection American Goldfinch day 0.1236 0.0948 -0.0643 0.1209 0.3082 1.0025 1200 -0.0330 0.2791
## 1149 Detection American Kestrel day 0.1259 0.1885 -0.2469 0.1250 0.4948 0.9995 1672 -0.1835 0.4366
## 1150 Detection American Redstart day 0.2591 0.1801 -0.0751 0.2534 0.6358 1.0061 1200 -0.0274 0.5698
## 1151 Detection American Robin day 0.1985 0.1031 -0.0106 0.1987 0.4087 1.0084 1200 0.0309 0.3653
## 1152 Detection American Woodcock day 0.1477 0.1943 -0.2175 0.1477 0.5366 1.0007 1200 -0.1613 0.4713
## 1153 Detection Barred Owl day 0.1989 0.1841 -0.1593 0.1993 0.5642 1.0188 1302 -0.0924 0.5102
## 1154 Detection Bald Eagle day 0.1948 0.1886 -0.1723 0.1922 0.5686 1.0088 1200 -0.1007 0.5019
## 1155 Detection Bank Swallow day 0.1410 0.1906 -0.2373 0.1405 0.5087 1.0075 1200 -0.1695 0.4358
## 1156 Detection Baltimore Oriole day 0.0835 0.1209 -0.1618 0.0795 0.3294 1.0020 1200 -0.1202 0.2819
## 1157 Detection Barn Swallow day 0.0631 0.1707 -0.2740 0.0610 0.3950 1.0233 1200 -0.2264 0.3399
## 1158 Detection Black-capped Chickadee day 0.0724 0.0915 -0.1093 0.0735 0.2450 1.0096 1200 -0.0766 0.2151
## 1159 Detection Belted Kingfisher day 0.1565 0.1543 -0.1588 0.1595 0.4464 1.0025 1200 -0.1037 0.4088
## 1160 Detection Blue-gray Gnatcatcher day -0.0466 0.1115 -0.2621 -0.0479 0.1718 1.0093 1200 -0.2290 0.1348
## 1161 Detection Brown-headed Cowbird day 0.3673 0.0988 0.1788 0.3687 0.5529 1.0020 1200 0.2049 0.5261
## 1162 Detection Blue-headed Vireo day 0.1432 0.1911 -0.2252 0.1477 0.5038 1.0073 1200 -0.1828 0.4529
## 1163 Detection Blue Jay day 0.0628 0.0956 -0.1202 0.0610 0.2445 1.0074 1200 -0.0973 0.2169
## 1164 Detection Bobolink day 0.1557 0.2006 -0.2438 0.1543 0.5544 1.0007 1200 -0.1857 0.4810
## 1165 Detection Brown Creeper day 0.1780 0.1771 -0.1775 0.1811 0.5287 1.0122 1200 -0.1129 0.4592
## 1166 Detection Brown Thrasher day 0.1293 0.1908 -0.2394 0.1331 0.5144 1.0037 1092 -0.1882 0.4368
## 1167 Detection Black-throated Green Warbler day 0.1595 0.1965 -0.2156 0.1617 0.5583 1.0111 1200 -0.1636 0.4785
## 1168 Detection Broad-winged Hawk day 0.1484 0.1904 -0.2413 0.1524 0.5318 0.9993 1116 -0.1660 0.4685
## 1169 Detection Blue-winged Warbler day 0.1561 0.1892 -0.2066 0.1578 0.5257 1.0033 1200 -0.1517 0.4649
## 1170 Detection Canada Goose day 0.0339 0.1743 -0.2971 0.0407 0.3792 1.0063 943 -0.2509 0.3244
## 1171 Detection Carolina Wren day 0.4324 0.1389 0.1634 0.4303 0.7192 1.0065 1069 0.2114 0.6742
## 1172 Detection Cedar Waxwing day 0.2097 0.1273 -0.0452 0.2059 0.4551 0.9999 1188 -0.0052 0.4169
## 1173 Detection Cerulean Warbler day 0.1511 0.1947 -0.2362 0.1520 0.5287 1.0025 1200 -0.1582 0.4796
## 1174 Detection Chipping Sparrow day 0.2403 0.1375 -0.0231 0.2423 0.5171 1.0259 1200 0.0169 0.4611
## 1175 Detection Chimney Swift day 0.0787 0.1125 -0.1357 0.0780 0.3080 1.0017 1485 -0.1078 0.2574
## 1176 Detection Cliff Swallow day 0.1697 0.1842 -0.1976 0.1720 0.5239 1.0043 1200 -0.1416 0.4830
## 1177 Detection Common Grackle day 0.3979 0.1222 0.1662 0.3953 0.6522 1.0132 1200 0.1997 0.6016
## 1178 Detection Cooper's Hawk day 0.2095 0.1771 -0.1385 0.2106 0.5531 1.0231 1200 -0.0852 0.5025
## 1179 Detection Common Yellowthroat day 0.1218 0.1462 -0.1653 0.1223 0.4243 1.0059 1200 -0.1246 0.3708
## 1180 Detection Dark-eyed Junco day 0.0171 0.1786 -0.3546 0.0249 0.3473 1.0008 1200 -0.2964 0.3007
## 1181 Detection Downy Woodpecker day 0.3473 0.0991 0.1543 0.3478 0.5370 0.9994 1200 0.1850 0.5131
## 1182 Detection Eastern Bluebird day 0.1384 0.1414 -0.1378 0.1362 0.4105 1.0004 1200 -0.1013 0.3627
## 1183 Detection Eastern Kingbird day 0.0506 0.1784 -0.2953 0.0543 0.3817 1.0003 1200 -0.2354 0.3519
## 1184 Detection Eastern Meadowlark day 0.1104 0.2013 -0.3062 0.1139 0.5019 1.0047 1103 -0.2216 0.4254
## 1185 Detection Eastern Phoebe day -0.0853 0.1945 -0.4505 -0.0828 0.2973 1.0038 1200 -0.3877 0.2299
## 1186 Detection Eastern Towhee day 0.1447 0.1517 -0.1573 0.1454 0.4420 1.0037 1200 -0.0981 0.3883
## 1187 Detection Eastern Wood-Pewee day 0.3671 0.1041 0.1791 0.3655 0.5767 1.0016 1200 0.2075 0.5415
## 1188 Detection European Starling day 0.0247 0.1577 -0.2911 0.0320 0.3039 1.0016 1200 -0.2459 0.2757
## 1189 Detection Field Sparrow day 0.1501 0.1917 -0.2314 0.1531 0.5257 1.0006 1180 -0.1756 0.4541
## 1190 Detection Great Blue Heron day 0.0814 0.1784 -0.2621 0.0862 0.4252 1.0012 1504 -0.2257 0.3828
## 1191 Detection Great Crested Flycatcher day 0.0853 0.1048 -0.1257 0.0864 0.2819 0.9994 1200 -0.0881 0.2496
## 1192 Detection Great Horned Owl day 0.1706 0.1915 -0.2270 0.1683 0.5468 1.0055 1200 -0.1407 0.4864
## 1193 Detection Gray Catbird day 0.1427 0.1172 -0.0908 0.1463 0.3660 1.0056 1582 -0.0554 0.3302
## 1194 Detection Green Heron day 0.1389 0.1983 -0.2827 0.1426 0.5210 1.0041 1200 -0.2018 0.4517
## 1195 Detection Hairy Woodpecker day 0.0755 0.1260 -0.1757 0.0741 0.3162 1.0025 1200 -0.1286 0.2835
## 1196 Detection Herring Gull day 0.1133 0.1971 -0.2865 0.1225 0.4912 1.0067 1200 -0.2042 0.4216
## 1197 Detection Hermit Thrush day 0.1010 0.1953 -0.2825 0.1023 0.4777 1.0053 1200 -0.2255 0.4120
## 1198 Detection House Finch day 0.1856 0.1424 -0.0998 0.1853 0.4573 1.0038 1200 -0.0589 0.4133
## 1199 Detection House Sparrow day 0.0428 0.1519 -0.2631 0.0467 0.3435 1.0057 1200 -0.2100 0.2898
## 1200 Detection Hooded Warbler day 0.0571 0.1460 -0.2221 0.0572 0.3382 1.0051 1200 -0.1793 0.2920
## 1201 Detection House Wren day -0.0729 0.1284 -0.3267 -0.0702 0.1752 1.0012 1200 -0.2888 0.1382
## 1202 Detection Indigo Bunting day 0.1900 0.1280 -0.0554 0.1899 0.4470 1.0026 1200 -0.0222 0.4105
## 1203 Detection Killdeer day 0.0560 0.1881 -0.3172 0.0576 0.3994 1.0043 1200 -0.2546 0.3550
## 1204 Detection Louisiana Waterthrush day 0.1160 0.1744 -0.2203 0.1084 0.4660 0.9992 1200 -0.1658 0.4054
## 1205 Detection Mallard day 0.1845 0.1802 -0.1570 0.1846 0.5571 1.0014 1200 -0.1079 0.4796
## 1206 Detection Mourning Dove day 0.1588 0.1550 -0.1401 0.1529 0.4773 1.0001 1200 -0.0912 0.4193
## 1207 Detection Northern Cardinal day 0.2735 0.0982 0.0827 0.2746 0.4557 1.0025 1105 0.1070 0.4319
## 1208 Detection Northern Flicker day 0.2229 0.1235 -0.0176 0.2252 0.4677 1.0049 1270 0.0259 0.4268
## 1209 Detection Northern Parula day 0.1401 0.1913 -0.2682 0.1474 0.4926 1.0044 1302 -0.1947 0.4449
## 1210 Detection Northern Rough-winged Swallow day 0.0534 0.1752 -0.3095 0.0581 0.3880 0.9996 1200 -0.2405 0.3437
## 1211 Detection Orchard Oriole day 0.2420 0.1737 -0.1047 0.2450 0.5967 1.0038 1200 -0.0377 0.5371
## 1212 Detection Ovenbird day 0.1345 0.1834 -0.2181 0.1314 0.4997 0.9997 1667 -0.1569 0.4412
## 1213 Detection Pileated Woodpecker day 0.1726 0.1249 -0.0609 0.1726 0.4227 1.0012 1157 -0.0322 0.3837
## 1214 Detection Purple Finch day 0.1579 0.1877 -0.2041 0.1617 0.5314 1.0000 1200 -0.1515 0.4636
## 1215 Detection Purple Martin day 0.1504 0.1926 -0.2434 0.1569 0.5312 1.0023 1200 -0.1650 0.4727
## 1216 Detection Rose-breasted Grosbeak day 0.1900 0.1351 -0.0729 0.1884 0.4645 1.0036 1200 -0.0237 0.4086
## 1217 Detection Ring-billed Gull day 0.0756 0.1694 -0.2487 0.0833 0.4050 1.0067 1200 -0.2062 0.3400
## 1218 Detection Red-breasted Nuthatch day 0.1516 0.2019 -0.2571 0.1478 0.5503 1.0126 1200 -0.1880 0.4774
## 1219 Detection Red-bellied Woodpecker day 0.3040 0.0928 0.1197 0.3019 0.4813 1.0016 1193 0.1455 0.4586
## 1220 Detection Red-eyed Vireo day 0.0933 0.1003 -0.0941 0.0907 0.2963 1.0053 1200 -0.0651 0.2646
## 1221 Detection Red-headed Woodpecker day 0.2552 0.1811 -0.0847 0.2500 0.6102 1.0004 1200 -0.0330 0.5680
## 1222 Detection Rock Pigeon day 0.1358 0.1957 -0.2678 0.1370 0.5400 1.0005 1200 -0.1855 0.4507
## 1223 Detection Red-shouldered Hawk day 0.0209 0.1654 -0.3230 0.0300 0.3223 1.0162 1200 -0.2537 0.2730
## 1224 Detection Red-tailed Hawk day 0.2736 0.1655 -0.0570 0.2773 0.6062 1.0009 1200 0.0019 0.5463
## 1225 Detection Ruby-throated Hummingbird day 0.3801 0.1410 0.1119 0.3788 0.6603 1.0187 1200 0.1629 0.6246
## 1226 Detection Red-winged Blackbird day 0.2444 0.1374 -0.0399 0.2454 0.4948 1.0015 1475 0.0194 0.4566
## 1227 Detection Savannah Sparrow day 0.1181 0.1954 -0.2763 0.1216 0.5060 1.0001 1200 -0.2083 0.4512
## 1228 Detection Scarlet Tanager day 0.0283 0.1184 -0.1939 0.0304 0.2624 1.0016 1200 -0.1588 0.2176
## 1229 Detection Song Sparrow day 0.1966 0.1187 -0.0316 0.1915 0.4472 1.0005 1200 0.0096 0.3906
## 1230 Detection Swamp Sparrow day 0.1754 0.1891 -0.1932 0.1689 0.5411 1.0065 1200 -0.1327 0.4755
## 1231 Detection Tennessee Warbler day 0.1543 0.1983 -0.2366 0.1573 0.5376 1.0063 1332 -0.1849 0.4678
## 1232 Detection Tree Swallow day 0.1621 0.1910 -0.2358 0.1578 0.5437 1.0017 1281 -0.1592 0.4862
## 1233 Detection Tufted Titmouse day 0.3810 0.0953 0.1928 0.3797 0.5694 1.0029 1311 0.2217 0.5420
## 1234 Detection Turkey Vulture day 0.0614 0.1675 -0.2675 0.0646 0.3712 1.0039 1200 -0.2295 0.3342
## 1235 Detection Veery day 0.2025 0.1713 -0.1325 0.1966 0.5545 1.0064 1200 -0.0712 0.4931
## 1236 Detection Virginia Rail day 0.1511 0.1936 -0.2239 0.1488 0.5321 1.0030 1200 -0.1634 0.4742
## 1237 Detection Warbling Vireo day 0.2303 0.1550 -0.0716 0.2332 0.5427 1.0013 1200 -0.0273 0.4853
## 1238 Detection White-breasted Nuthatch day 0.1409 0.0956 -0.0542 0.1409 0.3141 1.0052 1200 -0.0248 0.2914
## 1239 Detection White-eyed Vireo day 0.2214 0.1905 -0.1614 0.2197 0.5878 1.0018 1200 -0.0934 0.5350
## 1240 Detection Willow Flycatcher day 0.0734 0.1963 -0.3209 0.0721 0.4324 1.0048 1200 -0.2409 0.3857
## 1241 Detection Wild Turkey day 0.1162 0.1834 -0.2628 0.1182 0.4775 1.0142 1200 -0.1851 0.4096
## 1242 Detection Winter Wren day 0.1040 0.2001 -0.3012 0.1110 0.4837 0.9995 1323 -0.2410 0.4273
## 1243 Detection Wood Duck day 0.1731 0.1901 -0.2018 0.1685 0.5375 1.0038 1200 -0.1379 0.4693
## 1244 Detection Wood Thrush day 0.1821 0.1110 -0.0391 0.1823 0.3931 1.0076 1200 0.0048 0.3656
## 1245 Detection Yellow-billed Cuckoo day 0.1904 0.1809 -0.1687 0.1925 0.5317 1.0014 1200 -0.1030 0.4812
## 1246 Detection Yellow Warbler day 0.1565 0.1385 -0.1216 0.1544 0.4208 1.0016 1099 -0.0736 0.3866
## 1247 Detection Yellow-throated Vireo day 0.2005 0.1719 -0.1458 0.1972 0.5379 1.0007 1100 -0.0861 0.4785
## 1248 Detection Yellow-throated Warbler day 0.1073 0.1801 -0.2720 0.1117 0.4474 1.0124 1200 -0.1984 0.4009
covariates by migratory status
